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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
or
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission file number: 001-37980
DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Maryland
 
46-4591526
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
750 Park of Commerce Drive, Suite 210
Boca Raton, Florida 33487
(Address of Principal Executive Offices, Including Zip Code)
(561) 570-4644
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of ClassTrading Symbol(s)Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.04 par valueDBRG
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, 7.125% Series H Cumulative Redeemable, $0.01 par value
DBRG.PRH
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, 7.15% Series I Cumulative Redeemable, $0.01 par value
DBRG.PRI
New York Stock Exchange
Preferred Stock, 7.125% Series J Cumulative Redeemable, $0.01 par value
DBRG.PRJ
New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes   No 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  No 



Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large Accelerated Filer
Accelerated Filer
Non-Accelerated FilerSmaller Reporting Company
Emerging Growth Company
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Yes     No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes No
As of April 28, 2023, 161,884,572 shares of the Registrant's class A common stock and 166,494 shares of class B common stock were outstanding.




DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Form 10-Q
Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATIONPage
Item 1.
9
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.
Item 1A.68
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.68
Item 5.
Item 6.



PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except per share data)
March 31, 2023 (unaudited)
December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$668,524 $918,254 
Restricted cash155,690 118,485 
Investments ($320,757 and $426,032 at fair value)
1,226,952 1,242,001 
Real estate5,964,807 5,921,298 
Goodwill907,937 761,368 
Deferred leasing costs and intangible assets1,098,520 1,092,167 
Other assets ($0 and $11,793 at fair value)
642,451 654,050 
Due from affiliates67,285 45,360 
Assets held for disposition11,263 275,520 
Total assets
$10,743,429 $11,028,503 
Liabilities
Corporate debt$569,771 $568,912 
Non-recourse investment-level debt4,752,050 4,587,228 
Intangible liabilities28,441 29,824 
Other liabilities ($113,766 and $183,628 at fair value)
1,133,568 1,272,096 
Liabilities related to assets held for disposition374 380 
Total liabilities
6,484,204 6,458,440 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
107,413 100,574 
Equity
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share; $827,711 and $827,779 liquidation preference; 250,000 shares authorized; 33,108 and 33,111 shares issued and outstanding
800,303 800,355 
Common stock, $0.04 par value per share
Class A, 949,000 shares authorized; 161,834 and 159,763 shares issued and outstanding
6,473 6,390 
Class B, 1,000 shares authorized; 166 shares issued and outstanding
7 7 
Additional paid-in capital
7,823,722 7,818,068 
Accumulated deficit
(7,176,706)(6,962,613)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(1,478)(1,509)
Total stockholders’ equity1,452,321 1,660,698 
     Noncontrolling interests in investment entities
2,650,893 2,743,896 
     Noncontrolling interests in Operating Company
48,598 64,895 
Total equity
4,151,812 4,469,489 
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity
$10,743,429 $11,028,503 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
4


DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Supplemental Schedule to Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
Investment ManagementOperatingCorporate and Other
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022March 31, 2023December 31, 2022March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Assets (1)
Cash and cash equivalents$56,943 $39,563 $65,097 $65,975 $546,484 $812,716 
Restricted cash2,324 2,298 152,262 114,442 1,104 1,745 
Investments (Note 4)
345,826 395,327 6,804 4,638 874,322 842,036 
Real estate (Note 5)
  5,964,807 5,921,298   
Goodwill (Note 6)
444,817 298,248 463,120 463,120   
Deferred leasing costs and intangible assets (Note 6)
128,973 85,172 969,036 1,006,469 511 526 
Other assets (Note 7)
15,966 13,356 581,848 573,229 44,637 67,465 
Due from affiliates (Note 16)
61,455 41,458   5,830 3,902 
$1,056,304 $875,422 $8,202,974 $8,149,171 $1,472,888 $1,728,390 
Liabilities (1)
Corporate debt (Note 8)
$199,033 $198,677 $70,246 $70,120 $300,492 $300,115 
Non-recourse investment-level debt (Note 8)
  4,751,701 4,586,765 349 463 
Intangible liabilities (Note 6)
  28,441 29,824   
Other liabilities (Note 7)
218,712 342,696 721,319 725,236 193,537 204,164 
$417,745 $541,373 $5,571,707 $5,411,945 $494,378 $504,742 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (Note 10)
1,098 680   106,315 99,894 
Noncontrolling interests in investment entities (1)
151,985 136,668 2,369,836 2,463,559 127,770 113,390 
__________
(1)    Exclude amounts related to assets held for disposition.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
5


DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Revenues
Fee income ($56,389 and $42,004 from affiliates)
$59,126 $42,837 
Carried interest allocation (reversal)(54,756)(31,079)
Principal investment income (loss)3,562 6,454 
Property operating income230,927 202,511 
Other income ($1,253 and $3,379 from affiliates)
11,301 12,111 
Total revenues250,160 232,834 
Expenses
Property operating expense97,126 84,003 
Interest expense67,196 44,030 
Investment expense5,751 9,565 
Transaction-related costs8,527 165 
Depreciation and amortization141,574 128,567 
Compensation expense—cash and equity-based74,650 65,542 
Compensation expense (reversal)—incentive fee and carried interest(36,831)(20,352)
Administrative expenses26,506 27,885 
Total expenses384,499 339,405 
Other gain (loss), net(142,745)(149,881)
Income (Loss) from continuing operations before income taxes(277,084)(256,452)
Income tax benefit (expense)(1,042)7,413 
Income (Loss) from continuing operations(278,126)(249,039)
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations (14,218)(94,645)
Net income (loss)(292,344)(343,684)
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Redeemable noncontrolling interests6,943 (11,220)
Investment entities(84,828)(63,045)
Operating Company(16,662)(22,862)
Net income (loss) attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc. (197,797)(246,557)
Preferred stock dividends14,676 15,759 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders$(212,473)$(262,316)
Income (Loss) per share—basic
Income (Loss) from continuing operations per common share—basic$(1.25)$(1.27)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per common share—basic$(1.34)$(1.84)
Income (Loss) per share—diluted
Income (Loss) from continuing operations per common share—diluted$(1.25)$(1.27)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per common share—diluted$(1.34)$(1.84)
Weighted average number of shares
Basic158,446 142,485 
Diluted158,446 142,485 
Dividends declared per common share
$0.01 $ 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
6


DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Supplemental Schedule to Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
 Investment ManagementOperatingCorporate and Other
Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,Three Months Ended March 31,
 202320222023202220232022
Revenues
Fee income (Note 14)
$60,098 $43,637 $ $ $(972)$(800)
Carried interest allocation (reversal)(54,756)(31,079)    
Principal investment income (loss)318 17   3,244 6,437 
Property operating income (Note 5)
  230,927 202,511   
Other income1,169 1,256 737 11 9,395 10,844 
Total revenues6,829 13,831 231,664 202,522 11,667 16,481 
Expenses
Property operating expense  97,126 84,003   
Interest expense2,603 2,502 59,984 36,184 4,609 5,344 
Investment expense536 1,140 5,203 8,016 12 409 
Transaction-related costs5,192    3,335 165 
Depreciation and amortization6,409 5,276 134,699 122,891 466 400 
Compensation expense—cash and equity-based28,182 24,808 27,179 19,956 19,289 20,778 
Compensation expense (reversal)—incentive fee and carried interest(36,831)(20,352)    
Administrative expenses6,407 4,171 7,240 6,899 12,859 16,815 
Total expenses12,498 17,545 331,431 277,949 40,570 43,911 
Other gain (loss), net3,082 (3,055)1,769 956 (147,596)(147,782)
Income (Loss) from continuing operations before income taxes(2,587)(6,769)(97,998)(74,471)(176,499)(175,212)
Income tax benefit (expense)(217)(2,374)56 330 (881)9,457 
Income (Loss) from continuing operations(2,804)(9,143)(97,942)(74,141)(177,380)(165,755)
Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Redeemable noncontrolling interests418 (3,266)  6,525 (7,954)
Investment entities(857)2,349 (86,254)(60,196)1,766 977 
Operating Company(167)(624)(899)(1,121)(14,522)(14,007)
Income (Loss) from continuing operations attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc. $(2,198)$(7,602)$(10,789)$(12,824)$(171,149)$(144,771)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
7


DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Net income (loss)$(292,344)$(343,684)
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to:
Equity method investments318 2 
Available-for-sale debt securities (6,373)
Foreign currency translation(231)(37,941)
Other comprehensive income (loss)87 (44,312)
Comprehensive income (loss)(292,257)(387,996)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Redeemable noncontrolling interests6,943 (11,220)
Investment entities(84,793)(75,056)
Operating Company(16,643)(25,458)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to stockholders$(197,764)$(276,262)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
8


DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Equity
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
 Preferred StockCommon StockAdditional Paid-in CapitalAccumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Total Stockholders’ EquityNoncontrolling Interests in Investment EntitiesNoncontrolling Interests in Operating CompanyTotal Equity
 
Balance at December 31, 2021
$854,232 $5,692 $7,820,807 $(6,576,180)$42,383 $2,146,934 $2,653,173 $112,283 $4,912,390 
Net income (loss)— — — (246,557)— (246,557)(63,045)(22,862)(332,464)
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — (29,705)(29,705)(12,011)(2,596)(44,312)
Exchange of notes for common stock (Note 8)
— 256 177,562 — — 177,818 — — 177,818 
Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interest and warrants to fair value (Note 10)
— — (690,000)— — (690,000)— — (690,000)
Deconsolidation of investment entities— — — — — — (176,856)— (176,856)
Redemption of OP Units for class A common stock— — 2 — — 2 — (2) 
Equity based compensation— 50 14,286 — — 14,336 2,734 1,555 18,625 
Shares canceled for tax withholdings on vested equity awards— (17)(11,393)— — (11,410)— — (11,410)
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest— — — — — — (32,076)— (32,076)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 343,006 — 343,006 
Distributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (26,018)— (26,018)
Preferred stock dividends— — — (15,760)— (15,760)— — (15,760)
Reallocation of equity (Notes 2 and 10)
— — 45,099 — 75 45,174 — (45,174) 
Balance at March 31, 2022854,232 $5,981 $7,356,363 $(6,838,497)$12,753 $1,390,832 $2,688,907 $43,204 $4,122,943 
9


DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Equity (Continued)
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)
 Preferred StockCommon StockAdditional Paid-in CapitalAccumulated DeficitAccumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Total Stockholders’ EquityNoncontrolling Interests in Investment EntitiesNoncontrolling Interests in Operating CompanyTotal Equity
 
Balance at December 31, 2022
$800,355 $6,397 $7,818,068 $(6,962,613)$(1,509)$1,660,698 $2,743,896 $64,895 $4,469,489 
Net income (loss)— — — (197,797)— (197,797)(84,828)(16,662)(299,287)
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — 33 33 35 19 87 
Common stock repurchases(52)— — — — (52)— — (52)
Equity based compensation— 99 10,930 — — 11,029 5,542 41 16,612 
Shares canceled for tax withholdings on vested equity awards— (16)(4,847)— — (4,863)— — (4,863)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 29,684 — 29,684 
Distributions to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (43,436)(126)(43,562)
Preferred stock dividends— — — (14,676)— (14,676)— — (14,676)
Common stock dividends declared ($0.01 per share)
— — — (1,620)— (1,620)— — (1,620)
Reallocation of equity (Notes 2 and 10)
— — (429)— (2)(431)— 431  
Balance at March 31, 2023$800,303 $6,480 $7,823,722 $(7,176,706)$(1,478)$1,452,321 $2,650,893 $48,598 $4,151,812 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
10


DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
  Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income (loss)(292,344)(343,684)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Paid-in-kind interest added to loan principal, net of interest received(544)(1,144)
Straight-line rent income(1,944)(6,701)
Amortization of above- and below-market lease values, net245 (132)
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount and premium, net12,182 96,279 
Carried interest (allocation) reversal54,756 31,079 
Principal investment (income) loss(3,562)(6,454)
Other equity method (earnings) losses10,609 (24,741)
Distributions of income from equity method investments557  
Impairment of real estate and related intangibles and right-of-use asset 23,802 
Depreciation and amortization141,574 130,906 
Equity-based compensation16,612 18,719 
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense 881 (9,040)
Loss on extinguishment of debt 133,173 
Other gain (loss), net142,644 17,332 
Other adjustments, net182 (986)
(Increase) decrease in other assets and due from affiliates23,486 (4,186)
Increase (decrease) in accrued and other liabilities and due to affiliates(85,149)(52,965)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities20,185 1,257 
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Contributions to and acquisition of equity investments(140,998)(215,040)
Return of capital from equity method investments52,259 11,829 
Proceeds from sale of equity investments308,254 194,524 
Acquisition of loans receivable and debt securities (101,607)
Proceeds from paydown and maturity of debt securities 566 
Net disbursements on originated loans (205,507)
Repayments of loans receivable 15,845 
Proceeds from sales of loans receivable and debt securities 126,644 
Acquisition of and additions to real estate, related intangibles and leasing commissions(162,918)(836,061)
Proceeds from sales of real estate, net of property level cash transferred to buyer 96,660 
Cash and restricted cash assumed by buyer in sales of real estate investment holding entities (189,453)
Investment deposits(5,704)326 
Net receipts on settlement of derivatives3,401  
Acquisition of InfraBridge, net of cash acquired (Note 3)
(313,164) 
Other investing activities, net (875)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(258,870)(1,102,149)







11


DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)
 Three Months Ended March 31,
 20232022
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Dividends paid to preferred stockholders$(14,766)$(15,760)
Dividends paid to common stockholders(1,599) 
Repayments of corporate debt, including repurchase of senior notes (14,237)
Borrowings from investment-level debt
1,241,890 326,500 
Repayments of investment-level debt
(1,060,239)(3,894)
Payment of deferred financing costs and prepayment penalties on investment level debt(29,482)(6,999)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests29,684 353,156 
Distributions to and redemptions of noncontrolling interests(43,839)(35,962)
Payment of contingent consideration to Wafra (Note 10)
(90,000) 
Shares canceled for tax withholdings on vested equity awards(4,863)(11,410)
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest (32,076)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities26,786 559,318 
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(626)(651)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(212,525)(542,225)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—beginning of period
1,036,739 1,766,245 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—end of period
$824,214 $1,224,020 
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to consolidated balance sheets
Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
Beginning of the period
Cash and cash equivalents$918,254 $1,602,102 
Restricted cash118,485 99,121 
Restricted cash included in assets held for disposition 65,022 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period$1,036,739 $1,766,245 
End of the period
Cash and cash equivalents$668,524 $1,117,688 
Restricted cash155,690 106,332 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period$824,214 $1,224,020 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
12


DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2023
(Unaudited)
1. Business and Organization
DigitalBridge Group, Inc. ("DBRG," and together with its consolidated subsidiaries, the "Company") is a leading global digital infrastructure investment manager. The Company deploys and manages capital on behalf of its investors and shareholders across the digital infrastructure ecosystem, including data centers, cell towers, fiber networks, small cells, and edge infrastructure. The Company's investment management platform is anchored by its flagship value-add digital infrastructure equity offerings, and has expanded to include offerings in core equity, credit and liquid securities.
In February 2023, the Company further expanded its investment offerings to encompass InfraBridge, a newly-acquired mid-market global infrastructure equity platform (Note 3).
Organization
The Company operates as a taxable C Corporation commencing with the taxable year ended December 31, 2022, except for certain subsidiaries in the Operating segment that have elected to be taxed as real estate investment trusts for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The Company conducts all of its activities and holds substantially all of its assets and liabilities through its operating subsidiary, DigitalBridge Operating Company, LLC (the "Operating Company" or the "OP"). At March 31, 2023, the Company owned 93% of the OP, as its sole managing member. The remaining 7% is owned primarily by certain current and former employees of the Company as noncontrolling interests.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The significant accounting policies of the Company are described below.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all information and footnotes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for complete financial statements. These statements reflect all normal and recurring adjustments which, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company for the interim periods presented. However, the results of operations for the interim period presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2023, or any other future period. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in, or presented as exhibits to, the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The portions of equity, net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss) of consolidated subsidiaries that are not attributable to the parent are presented separately as amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements. Noncontrolling interests represent predominantly the majority ownership held by third party investors in the Company's Operating segment, carried interest allocation to certain senior executives of the Company (Note 16), and membership interests in the OP primarily held by certain current and former employees of the Company.
To the extent the Company consolidates a subsidiary that is subject to industry-specific guidance, such as investment company accounting applied by the Company's consolidated sponsored funds, the Company retains the industry-specific guidance applied by that subsidiary in its consolidated financial statements.
Supplemental Schedules to Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Operations
Beginning in 2023, the financial position and financial results of the Company's reportable segments of Investment Management and Operating, and its remaining investment activities and corporate level activities ("Corporate and Other") are presented in supplemental schedules to the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of operations. The Company's reportable segments and Corporate and Other are described below under "—Segment Reporting."
The disaggregated presentation in the supplemental schedules enhances transparency and provides meaningful information to investors in understanding the Company's consolidated financial statements, specifically:
13


Segregation of the Investment Management segment allows for more clarity and visibility into the financial performance and financial position of the Company's core business; and
The Operating segment represents the consolidation of two data center portfolio companies for which the Company has direct co-investments of 13% and 11%, respectively, at both March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Although the Operating segment makes up a majority of the balances and activities on a consolidated basis, DBRG's exposure and entitlement are limited to its 13% and 11% interest in the two portfolio companies in the Operating segment. The liabilities of the Operating segment are obligations of the respective portfolio companies of the Operating segment and may only be settled using assets of these respective portfolio companies.
The supplemental schedule to the consolidated balance sheets excludes assets and liabilities held for disposition, stockholders' equity and noncontrolling interests in OP, which are not specifically attributable to reportable segments.
The supplemental schedule to the consolidated statements of operations present by reportable segment the results from continuing operations attributable to DBRG, excluding discontinued operations and results attributable to common stockholders. Additionally, fee income in the Investment Management segment is presented prior to elimination of fees earned from the Company's sponsored investment vehicles that are consolidated within the Operating segment and in Corporate and Other. The elimination of intercompany fees is presented in Corporate and Other.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.
Principles of Consolidation
The Company consolidates entities in which it has a controlling financial interest by first considering if an entity meets the definition of a variable interest entity ("VIE") for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, or if the Company has the power to control an entity through a majority of voting interest or through other arrangements.
Variable Interest Entities—A VIE is an entity that either (i) lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties; (ii) whose equity holders lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest; and/or (iii) is established with non-substantive voting rights. A VIE is consolidated by its primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party who has a controlling financial interest in the VIE through (a) power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance, and (b) obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. This assessment may involve subjectivity in the determination of which activities most significantly affect the VIE’s performance, and estimates about current and future fair value of the assets held by the VIE and financial performance of the VIE. In assessing its interests in the VIE, the Company also considers interests held by its related parties, including de facto agents. Additionally, the Company assesses whether it is a member of a related party group that collectively meets the power and benefits criteria and, if so, whether the Company is most closely associated with the VIE. In performing the related party analysis, the Company considers both qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: the characteristics and size of its investment relative to the related party; the Company’s and the related party's ability to control or significantly influence key decisions of the VIE including consideration of involvement by de facto agents; the obligation or likelihood for the Company or the related party to fund operating losses of the VIE; and the similarity and significance of the VIE’s business activities to those of the Company and the related party. The determination of whether an entity is a VIE, and whether the Company is the primary beneficiary, may involve significant judgment, and depends upon facts and circumstances specific to an entity at the time of the assessment.
Voting Interest Entities—Unlike VIEs, voting interest entities have sufficient equity to finance their activities and equity investors exhibit the characteristics of a controlling financial interest through their voting rights. The Company consolidates such entities when it has the power to control these entities through ownership of a majority of the entities' voting interests or through other arrangements.
At each reporting period, the Company reassesses whether changes in facts and circumstances cause a change in the status of an entity as a VIE or voting interest entity, and/or a change in the Company's consolidation assessment. Changes in consolidation status are applied prospectively. An entity may be consolidated as a result of this reassessment, in which case, the assets, liabilities and noncontrolling interests in the entity are recorded at fair value upon initial consolidation. Any existing equity interest held by the Company in the entity prior to the Company obtaining control will be remeasured at fair value, which may result in a gain or loss recognized upon initial consolidation. However, if the consolidation represents an asset acquisition of a voting interest entity, the Company's existing interest in the acquired assets, if any, is not remeasured to fair value but continues to be carried at historical cost. The Company may also
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deconsolidate a subsidiary as a result of this reassessment, which may result in a gain or loss recognized upon deconsolidation depending on the carrying values of deconsolidated assets and liabilities compared to the fair value of any interests retained.
Noncontrolling Interests
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests—This represents noncontrolling interests in sponsored open-end funds in the liquid securities strategy that are consolidated by the Company. The limited partners of these funds have the ability to withdraw all or a portion of their interests from the funds in cash with advance notice.
Redeemable noncontrolling interests is presented outside of permanent equity. Allocation of net income or loss to redeemable noncontrolling interests is based upon their ownership percentage during the period. The carrying amount of redeemable noncontrolling interests is adjusted to its redemption value at the end of each reporting period to an amount not less than its initial carrying value, except for amounts contingently redeemable which will be adjusted to redemption value only when redemption is probable. Such adjustments will be recognized in additional paid-in capital.
The redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Company's investment management business were redeemed in May 2022 (Note 10).
Noncontrolling Interests in Investment Entities—This represents predominantly the majority ownership held by third party investors in the Company's Operating segment and carried interest allocation to certain senior executives of the Company (Note 16). Excluding carried interests, allocation of net income or loss is generally based upon relative ownership interests.
Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Company—This represents membership interests in OP held primarily by certain current and former employees of the Company. Noncontrolling interests in OP are allocated a share of net income or loss in OP based upon their weighted average ownership interest in OP during the period. Noncontrolling interests in OP have the right to require OP to redeem part or all of such member’s membership units in OP ("OP Units") for cash based on the market value of an equivalent number of shares of class A common stock at the time of redemption, or at the Company's election as managing member of OP, through issuance of shares of class A common stock (registered or unregistered) on a one-for-one basis. At the end of each reporting period, noncontrolling interests in OP is adjusted to reflect their ownership percentage in OP at the end of the period, through a reallocation between controlling and noncontrolling interests in OP, as applicable.
Segment Reporting
The Company conducts its business through two reportable segments: (i) Investment Management; and (ii) Operating, the Company's direct co-investment in digital infrastructure assets held by its portfolio companies.
Investment Management —This segment represents the Company's global investment management platform, deploying and managing capital on behalf of a diverse base of global institutional investors. The Company's investment management platform is composed of a growing number of long-duration, private investment funds designed to provide institutional investors access to investments across different segments of the digital infrastructure ecosystem. In addition to its flagship value-add digital infrastructure equity offerings, the Company's investment offerings have expanded to include core equity, credit and liquid securities. The Company earns management fees based upon the assets or capital managed in investment vehicles, and may earn incentive fees and carried interest based upon the performance of such investment vehicles, subject to achievement of minimum return hurdles. The amount of incentive fees and carried interest recognized, a portion of which is allocated to employees, may be highly variable from period to period. Earnings from the Investment Management segment were attributed 31.5% to Wafra prior to the Company's redemption of Wafra's interest in the investment management business at the end of May 2022 (as discussed further in Note 10).
Operating—This segment is composed of balance sheet equity interests in digital infrastructure and real estate co-investment companies, which generally earn rental income from providing use of digital asset space and/or capacity through leases, services and other agreements. The Company currently owns interests in two companies: DataBank, an edge colocation data center business (DBRG ownership of 11% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022); and Vantage SDC, a stabilized hyperscale data center business (DBRG ownership of 13% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022). DataBank and Vantage SDC are portfolio companies managed by the Company under its Investment Management segment with respect to equity interests owned by third party capital.
The Company's remaining investment activities and corporate level activities are presented as Corporate and Other.
Other investment activities are composed of the Company's equity interests in: (i) digital investment vehicles, the largest of which is in the DigitalBridge Partners ("DBP") flagship funds, and seed investments in liquid securities
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and other potential new strategies; and (ii) remaining non-digital investments. Outside of its general partner interests, which are presented in the Investment Management segment, the Company's other equity interests in its sponsored and/or managed digital investment vehicles are considered to be incidental to its investment management business. The primary economics to the Company are represented by fee income and carried interest allocation as general partner and/or manager, rather than economics from its equity interest in the investment vehicles as a limited partner or equivalent. With respect to seed investments, these are not intended to be a long-term deployment of capital by the Company and are expected to be warehoused temporarily on the Company's balance sheet until sufficient third party capital has been raised from sponsored funds. At this time, the remaining non-digital investments are not substantially available for immediate sale and are expected to be monetized over an extended period beyond the near term. These other investment activities generate largely principal investment income or losses and to a lesser extent, revenues in the form of interest income or dividend income from warehoused investments and consolidated investment vehicles.
Corporate activities include corporate level cash and corresponding interest income, corporate level financing and related interest expense, corporate level transaction costs, costs in connection with unconsummated investments, income and expense related to cost reimbursement arrangements with affiliates, fixed assets for administrative use, compensation expense not directly attributable to reportable segments, corporate level administrative and overhead costs, and adjustments to eliminate intercompany fees. Costs which are directly attributable, or otherwise can be subjected to a reasonable and systematic attribution, have been attributed to each of the reportable segments.
The results of operations of the Company's reportable segments are presented in the supplemental schedule to the consolidated statements of operations and reconciled to the consolidated statements of operations as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
(In thousands)Investment ManagementOperatingCorporate and OtherTotalInvestment ManagementOperatingCorporate and OtherTotal
Income (Loss) from continuing operations attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.$(2,198)$(10,789)$(171,149)$(184,136)$(7,602)$(12,824)$(144,771)$(165,197)
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.(13,661)(81,360)
Net income (loss) attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.$(197,797)$(246,557)
Business Combinations
Definition of a Business—The Company evaluates each purchase transaction to determine whether the acquired assets meet the definition of a business. If substantially all of the fair value of gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, then the set of transferred assets and activities is not a business. If not, for an acquisition to be considered a business, it would have to include an input and a substantive process that together significantly contribute to the ability to create outputs (i.e., there is a continuation of revenue before and after the transaction). A substantive process is not ancillary or minor, cannot be replaced without significant costs, effort or delay or is otherwise considered unique or scarce. To qualify as a business without outputs, the acquired assets would require an organized workforce with the necessary skills, knowledge and experience to perform a substantive process.
Asset Acquisitions—For acquisitions that are not deemed to be businesses, the assets acquired are recognized based on their cost to the Company as the acquirer and no gain or loss is recognized. The cost of assets acquired in a group is allocated to individual assets within the group based on their relative fair values and does not give rise to goodwill. Transaction costs related to acquisition of assets are included in the cost basis of the assets acquired.
Business Combinations—The Company accounts for acquisitions that qualify as business combinations by applying the acquisition method. Transaction costs related to acquisition of a business are expensed as incurred and excluded from the fair value of consideration transferred. The identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests in an acquired entity are recognized and measured at their estimated fair values, except as discussed below. The excess of the consideration transferred over the values of identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests in an acquired entity, net of fair value of any previously held interest in the acquired entity, is recorded as goodwill. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions.
With respect to contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination, these are not accounted for under the fair value basis at the time of acquisition. Instead, the Company determines the value of these revenue
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contracts as if it had originated the acquired contracts by evaluating the associated performance obligations, transaction price and relative stand-alone selling price at the original contract inception date or subsequent modification dates.
Contingent Consideration—Contingent consideration is classified as a liability or equity, as applicable. Contingent consideration in connection with the acquisition of a business or a VIE is measured at fair value on acquisition date, and unless classified as equity, is remeasured at fair value each reporting period thereafter until the consideration is settled, with changes in fair value included in earnings. Contingent consideration in connection with the acquisition of assets (and that is not a VIE) is generally recognized when the liability is considered both probable and reasonably estimable, as part of the basis of the acquired assets.
Discontinued Operations
If the disposition of a component, being an operating or reportable segment, business unit, subsidiary or asset group, represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, the operating profits or losses of the component when classified as held for sale, and the gain or loss upon disposition of the component, are presented as discontinued operations in the statements of operations.
A business or asset group acquired in connection with a business combination that meets the criteria to be accounted for as held for sale at the date of acquisition is reported as discontinued operations, regardless of whether it meets the strategic shift criterion.
In March 2023, the Company sold the entirety of its equity method investment in BrightSpire Capital, Inc. (NYSE: BRSP) of approximately 35.0 million shares for net proceeds totaling $201.6 million. The Company's investment in BRSP qualified as held for sale in March 2023 and its disposition represents a strategic shift that has major effects on the Company’s operations and financial results, meeting the criteria as discontinued operations as of March 2023. Accordingly, for all prior periods presented, the equity method investment in BRSP is presented as assets held for disposition on the consolidated balance sheets and equity method earnings (loss) from BRSP is presented as loss from discontinued operations on the consolidated statements of operations.
Discontinued operations in 2023 primarily reflect a $9.7 million impairment of BRSP shares prior to its disposition, and activities associated with equity investments excluded from the December 2021 bulk sale of the Company's non-digital investment portfolio.
In addition to the above equity investments, discontinued operations in 2022 also included two months of operations of the Wellness Infrastructure business, along with other non-core assets held by a subsidiary, NRF Holdco, LLC ("NRF Holdco"), prior to the sale of all of the equity of NRF Holdco in February 2022. The sales price for 100% of the equity of NRF Holdco was $281 million, composed of $126 million cash and a $155 million unsecured promissory note. The promissory note, which is classified as held for investment and carried at fair value under the fair value option, matures five years from closing of the sale, accruing paid-in-kind ("PIK") interest at 5.35% per annum (Note 11). The disposition of NRF Holdco resulted in a write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs on the Wellness Infrastructure debt assumed by the buyer of $92.1 million and additional impairment loss based upon final carrying value of the Wellness Infrastructure net assets.
Loss from discontinued operations is summarized as follows.
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Revenues$1,970 $80,281 
Expenses(5,770)(201,155)
Other gain (loss)(10,416)24,117 
Income tax benefit (expense)(2)2,112 
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations(14,218)(94,645)
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Investment entities517 (6,175)
Operating Company(1,074)(7,110)
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.$(13,661)$(81,360)
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Assets and Related Liabilities Held for Disposition
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, all assets and related liabilities held for disposition relate to discontinued operations. The Company initially measures assets classified as held for disposition at the lower of their carrying amounts or fair value less disposal costs. For bulk sale transactions, the unit of account is the disposal group, with any excess of the aggregate carrying value over estimated fair value less costs to sell allocated to the individual assets within the group.
Assets held for disposition of $11.3 million at March 31, 2023 consisted primarily of miscellaneous equity investments excluded from the December 2021 bulk sale of the Company's non-digital investment portfolio. Assets held for disposition of $275.5 million at December 31, 2022 also included the Company's shares in BRSP of $218.0 million that were sold in March 2023 and an equity method investment carried under the fair value option of $44.5 million prior to a sale of its underlying assets and a return of capital to the Company in January 2023.
Reclassifications
Reclassifications have been made in connection with discontinued operations, as discussed in "—Discontinued Operations." Additionally, the Company determined that principal investment income (loss) from its equity interest as general partner and general partner affiliate in its sponsored investment vehicles, and its entitlement to carried interest allocation, represent a core component of returns in its investment management business. Accordingly, beginning in 2023, principal investment income (loss) and carried interest allocation are presented within total revenues on the consolidated statements of operations. Prior periods have been reclassified to conform to current presentation.
Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023
Contractual Sale Restriction on Equity Securities
In June 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, which amends Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, to clarify that a contractual sale restriction that is entity-specific is not part of the unit of account of an equity security and is therefore not considered in measuring the fair value of an equity security, in which case, a discount should not be applied. The amendment further prohibits recognizing the contractual sale restriction as a separate unit of account, that is, as a contra asset or liability. Sale restrictions that are characteristics of the holder of an equity security include, but are not limited to, lock-up agreements, market stand-off agreements, or specific provisions in agreements between shareholders. In contrast, a legal restriction preventing a security from being sold on a national securities exchange or an over-the-counter market is a security-specific characteristic as the restriction would similarly apply to a market participant buyer in an assumed sale of the security. This guidance also applies to issuers of equity securities that are subject to contractual sale restrictions, for example, equity securities issued as consideration in a business combination. The ASU requires additional disclosures related to equity securities that are subject to contractual sale restrictions, specifically (1) the fair value of such equity securities, (2) the nature and remaining duration of the restrictions, and (3) any circumstances that could cause a lapse in restrictions. The ASU is effective January 1, 2024, with early adoption permitted in the interim periods. Transition is prospective with any fair value adjustments resulting from adoption recognized in earnings and the amount adjusted disclosed in the period of adoption.
For subsidiaries of the Company that are investment companies as defined in ASC Topic 946, Financial Services—Investment Companies, the ASU is applied prospectively to equity securities with contractual sale restrictions entered into or modified on or after the adoption date. For equity securities with contractual sale restrictions entered into or modified before the adoption date, the existing accounting policy continues to be applied until the restrictions expire or are modified, and if the existing accounting policy differs from the amended guidance, the additional disclosure requirements under the ASU would be applicable.
The Company early adopted the ASU on January 1, 2023. At the time of adoption, the Company and its investment company subsidiaries do not have equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions.
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3. Acquisitions
Business Combination in 2023
InfraBridge
In February 2023, the Company acquired the global infrastructure equity investment management business of AMP Capital Investors International Holdings Limited, which was rebranded as InfraBridge at closing. Consideration for the acquisition consisted of a $313.2 million upfront cash consideration (net of cash assumed), subject to customary post-closing working capital adjustments, plus a contingent amount based upon achievement of future fundraising targets for InfraBridge's new global infrastructure funds. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration is subject to remeasurement each reporting period, as discussed in Note 11.
Asset Acquisitions in 2022
Vantage SDC Hyperscale Data Centers
In connection with the Company's acquisition of Vantage SDC in July 2020 and an additional data center in September 2021, the Company and its co-investors committed to acquire the future build-out of expansion capacity, along with lease-up of the expanded capacity and existing inventory, the costs of which are borne by the previous owners of Vantage SDC. As of March 31, 2023, the remaining consideration for the incremental lease-up acquisitions is estimated to be approximately $185 million, of which $122 million is due by September 2024. Most, if not all, of the cost of the expansion capacity has been or is expected to be funded by Vantage SDC from borrowings under its credit facilities and/or cash from operations. Pursuant to this arrangement, Vantage SDC had 15 new tenant leases related to a portion of the expansion capacity that commenced during 2022 for aggregate consideration of $161.3 million. All of these payments were made to the previous owners of Vantage SDC and are treated as asset acquisitions. There were no new tenant leases that commenced in the first quarter of 2023.
DataBank
Acquisitions by DataBank in 2022 were as follows:
Four colocation data centers in Houston, Texas in March 2022 for $678 million, funded by a combination of $262.5 million of debt and $415.5 million of equity, of which the Company's share was $88.7 million.
A data center each in Atlanta, Georgia in May 2022 for $10.9 million, and in Denver, Colorado in February 2022 that was previously leased by its zColo subsidiary for $17.6 million.
Tower Assets
In June 2022, the Company acquired the mobile telecommunications tower business (“TowerCo”) of Telenet Group Holding NV (Euronext Brussels: TNET) for €740.1 million or $791.3 million (including transaction costs). In December 2022, our interest in the temporarily warehoused TowerCo investment was transferred to the Company's new sponsored fund (Note 16) and TowerCo was deconsolidated. The TowerCo assets acquired had included owned tower sites, tower sites subject to third party leases that gave rise to right-of-use lease assets and corresponding lease liabilities, equipment, as well as customer relationships related primarily to a master lease agreement with Telenet as lessee. The acquisition had been funded through $326.1 million of debt, $278.1 million of equity from the Company, and $213.8 million in third party equity. In addition to the purchase price, the funds had been used to finance transaction costs, debt issuance costs, working capital and as operating cash. Prior to transfer, TowerCo was presented within Corporate and Other.
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Allocation of Consideration Transferred
The following table summarizes the consideration and allocation to assets acquired, liabilities assumed and noncontrolling interests at acquisition. In an asset acquisition, the cost of assets acquired, which includes capitalized transaction costs, is allocated to individual assets within the group based on their relative fair values and does not give rise to goodwill. With respect to business combinations, the estimated fair values and allocation of the consideration are subject to adjustments during the measurement period, not to exceed one year, based upon new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed at time of acquisition.
Business CombinationAsset Acquisitions
20232022
(In thousands)InfraBridgeTowerCoAcquisitions by DataBankVantage SDC Expansion Capacity
Consideration
Cash$364,338 $791,254 $706,514 $161,302 
Estimated fair value of contingent consideration10,874    
375,212 791,254 706,514 161,302 
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed
Cash51,174    
Principal investments130,810    
Real estate 363,121 627,474 140,140 
Intangible assets50,800 673,218 77,885 21,162 
Lease right-of-use ("ROU") and other assets27,682 234,462 3,994  
Deferred tax liabilities(10,198)(243,223)  
Intangible, lease and other liabilities(21,625)(236,324)(2,839) 
Fair value of net assets acquired 228,643 791,254 706,514 161,302 
Goodwill$146,569 $ $ $ 
    
Principal investments represent acquired interests in InfraBridge funds, valued at their most recent net asset value ("NAV").
Real estate was valued based upon (i) current replacement cost for buildings in an as-vacant state and improvements, estimated using construction cost guidelines; (ii) current replacement cost for data center infrastructure by applying an estimated cost per kilowatt based upon current capacity of each location and also considering the associated indirect costs such as design, engineering, construction and installation; (iii) current replacement cost for towers in consideration of their remaining economic life; and (iv) recent comparable sales or current listings for land. Useful lives of real estate acquired range from 35 to 50 years for buildings and improvements, 5 to 15 years for site improvements, 11 to 71 years for towers and related equipment, and 11 to 20 years for data center infrastructure.
The investment management intangible assets of InfraBridge were composed of the following:
Management contracts are valued based upon estimated net cash flows expected to be generated from the contracts, with remaining term of the contracts ranging between 1 and 4 years, discounted at 8.0%.
Investor relationships represent the fair value of potential investment management fees, net of operating costs, to be generated from repeat InfraBridge investors in future sponsored vehicles, with a weighted average estimated useful life of 12 years, discounted at 14.0%.
Lease-related intangibles for real estate acquisitions were composed of the following:
In-place leases reflect the value of rental income forgone if the properties had been acquired vacant, and the leasing commissions, legal and marketing costs that would have been incurred to lease up the properties, discounted at rates between 4.75% and 6.8%, with remaining lease terms ranging between 1 and 15 years.
Above- and below-market leases represent the rent differential for the remaining lease term between contractual rents of acquired leases and market rents at the time of acquisition, discounted at rates between 6.0% and 11.25% with remaining lease terms ranging between 1 and 4 years.
Tenant relationships represent the estimated net cash flows attributable to the likelihood of lease renewal by an existing tenant relative to the cost of obtaining a new lease, taking into consideration the estimated time it would require to execute a new lease or backfill a vacant space, discounted at rates between 4.75% and 11.25%, with estimated useful lives between 5 and 15 years.
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Customer service contracts were valued based upon estimated net cash flows generated from the zColo customer service contracts that would have been forgone if such contracts were not in place, taking into consideration the time it would require to execute a new contract, with remaining term of the contracts ranging between 1 and 6 years.
Customer relationships for towers were valued as the estimated future cash flows to be generated over the life of the tenant relationships based upon rental rates, operating costs, expected renewal terms and attrition, discounted at 6.8%, with estimated useful lives between 19 and 45 years.
Deferred tax liabilities were recognized for the book-to-tax basis differences associated with the acquisitions of InfraBridge and TowerCo, net of deferred tax assets assumed where applicable.
Other assets acquired and liabilities assumed include primarily lease ROU assets associated with leasehold ground space hosting tower communication sites, along with corresponding lease liabilities. Lease liabilities were measured based upon the present value of future lease payments over the lease term, discounted at the incremental borrowing rate of the respective acquiree entities. Included in the InfraBridge acquisition were also management fee receivable and compensation payable associated with the pre-acquisition period.
Goodwill is the value of the business acquired that is not already captured in identifiable assets, largely represented by the synergies from combining the capital raising resources of DBRG and the mid-market infrastructure specialization of the InfraBridge team.
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4. Investments
The Company's equity and debt investments are represented by the following:
(In thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Investment Management
Equity method investments
Principal investments$54,626 $51,665 
Carried interest allocation286,517 341,749 
341,143 393,414 
Other equity investment4,683 1,913 
Total Investment Management345,826 395,327 
Operating
Debt investments—loan receivable6,804 4,638 
Corporate and Other
Equity method investments—Principal investments512,649 358,846 
Equity investments of consolidated funds211,758 185,845 
Other equity investments98,988 113,111 
Debt investments
CLO subordinated notes50,927 50,927 
Loan receivable 133,307 
Total Corporate and Other874,322 842,036 
Total Investments$1,226,952 $1,242,001 
Equity Method Investments
Principal Investments
Principal investments totaling $567.3 million at March 31, 2023 and $410.5 million at December 31, 2022 represent investments in the Company's sponsored investment vehicles, accounted for as equity method investments as the Company exerts significant influence in its role as general partner. The Company typically has a small percentage interest in its sponsored funds as general partner (presented in the Investment Management segment). The Company also has additional investment as general partner affiliate alongside the funds' limited partners, primarily with respect to the Company's flagship value-add funds, DigitalBridge Partners, LP ("DBP I") and DigitalBridge Partners II, LP ("DBP II"), and the InfraBridge funds (presented within Corporate and Other).
The Company's proportionate share of net income (loss) from investments in its sponsored investment vehicles, which includes unrealized gain (loss) from changes in fair value of the underlying fund investments, is recorded in principal investment income (loss) on the consolidated statements of operations.
Carried Interest Allocation
Carried interest allocation represents a disproportionate allocation of returns to the Company, as general partner, based upon the extent to which cumulative performance of a sponsored fund exceeds minimum return hurdles. Carried interest allocation generally arises when appreciation in value of the underlying investments of the fund exceeds the minimum return hurdles, after factoring in a return of invested capital and a return of certain costs of the fund pursuant to terms of the governing documents of the fund. The amount of carried interest allocation recognized is based upon the cumulative performance of the fund if it were liquidated as of the reporting date. Unrealized carried interest allocation is driven primarily by changes in fair value of the underlying investments of the fund, which may be affected by various factors, including but not limited to: the financial performance of the portfolio company, economic conditions, foreign exchange rates, comparable transactions in the market, and equity prices for publicly traded securities. For funds that have exceeded the minimum return hurdle but have not returned all capital to the limited partners, unrealized carried interest allocation may be subject to reversal over time as preferred returns continue to accrue on unreturned capital. Realization of carried interest allocation occurs upon disposition of all underlying investments of the fund, or in part with each disposition.
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Generally, carried interest allocation is distributed upon profitable disposition of an investment if at the time of distribution, cumulative returns of the fund exceed minimum return hurdles. Depending on the final realized value of all investments at the end of the life of a fund (and, with respect to certain funds, periodically during the life of the fund), if it is determined that cumulative carried interest allocation distributed has exceeded the final carried interest allocation amount earned (or amount earned as of the calculation date), the Company is obligated to return the excess carried interest allocation received. Therefore, carried interest allocation distributed may be subject to clawback if decline in investment values results in cumulative performance of the fund falling below minimum return hurdles in the interim period. If it is determined that the Company has a clawback obligation, a liability would be established based upon a hypothetical liquidation of the net assets of the fund at reporting date. The actual determination and required payment of any clawback obligation would generally occur after final disposition of the investments of the fund or otherwise as set forth in the governing documents of the fund.
Carried interest allocation on the balance sheet date represents unrealized carried interest allocation in connection with sponsored funds that are currently in the early stage of their lifecycle. Carried interest allocation is presented gross of accrued carried interest compensation (Note 7).
Carried Interest Allocation Distributed
There was immaterial carried interest allocation distributed and recognized in revenues in the first quarter of 2023. No carried interest allocation was distributed in the first quarter of 2022.
Clawback Obligation
The Company did not have a liability for clawback obligations on carried interest allocation distributed as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
With respect to funds that have distributed carried interest allocation, if in the event all of their investments are deemed to have no value, the likelihood of which is remote, carried interest allocation distributed of $75.6 million would be subject to clawback as of March 31, 2023, of which $58.9 million would be the responsibility of the employee and former employee recipients. For this purpose, a portion of the carried interest allocation is generally held back from these recipients at the time of distribution. The amount withheld resides in entities outside of the Company.
Equity Investments of Consolidated Funds
The Company consolidates sponsored funds in which it has more than an insignificant equity interest in the fund as general partner, as discussed in Note 12. Equity investments of consolidated funds are composed of predominantly marketable equity securities held by funds in the liquid securities strategy, and an equity interest held by a credit fund in a pooling entity that invests in loan assets. Equity investments of consolidated funds are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in other gain (loss) on the consolidated statements of operations.
Other Equity Investments
Other equity investments totaling $103.7 million at March 31, 2023 and $115.0 million at December 31, 2022 include investments warehoused potentially for future sponsored funds, a marketable equity security and investment in a non-traded REIT (Note 11) (presented within Corporate and Other), as well as an investment in a managed account (presented in the Investment Management segment). These investments are generally carried at fair value or under the measurement alternative which is at cost, adjusted for impairment and observable price changes. Dividends or other distributions from these investments are recorded in other income while changes in the value of these investments are recorded in other gain (loss) on the consolidated statements of operations.
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Debt Investments
Debt investments are composed of subordinated notes in a third party collateralized loan obligation ("CLO") and loans receivable. Interest income from debt investments are recorded in other income.
CLO Subordinated Notes
In the third quarter of 2022, bank syndicated loans that the Company previously warehoused were transferred into a third party warehouse entity at their acquisition price totaling $232.7 million, and securitized through the issuance of CLO securities. The corresponding warehouse facility of $172.5 million was concurrently repaid. The CLO is sponsored and managed by the third party. The Company acquired all of the subordinated notes of the CLO, which are classified as available-for-sale ("AFS") debt securities. The CLO has a stated legal final maturity of 2035.
The balance of the CLO subordinated notes is summarized as follows:
Amortized Cost without Allowance for Credit Loss
Allowance for Credit LossGross Cumulative Unrealized
(in thousands)GainsLosses
Fair Value
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022$50,927 $ $ $ $50,927 
In estimating fair value of the CLO subordinated notes, the Company used a benchmarking approach by looking to the implied credit spreads derived from observed prices on comparable CLO issuances in the first quarter of 2023, and also considering the current size and diversification of the CLO collateral pool and projected return on the subordinated notes. Based upon these data points, the Company determined that the issued price of the subordinated notes in September 2022 was a reasonable representation of their fair value at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Loans Receivable
The Company elected fair value option for its loans receivable, which consisted of two unsecured promissory notes, one in connection with the sale of NRF Holdco (Note 2) and one held by DataBank at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The DataBank loan receivable was fully repaid in April 2023. Changes in fair value and valuation methodology is discussed further in Note 11.
Investment Commitments
Sponsored Funds—At March 31, 2023, the Company had unfunded commitments to its sponsored funds as general partner and general partner affiliate totaling $126.5 million, including commitments to a consolidated fund. Generally, the timing for funding of these commitments is not known and the commitments are callable on demand at any time prior to their respective expirations.
5. Real Estate
The following table summarizes the Company's real estate which is held by subsidiaries in the Operating segment.
(In thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Land$257,588 $257,588 
Buildings and improvements1,738,190 1,573,605 
Data center infrastructure4,510,678 4,427,150 
Construction in progress283,146 395,393 
6,789,602 6,653,736 
Less: Accumulated depreciation(824,795)(732,438)
Real estate assets, net$5,964,807 $5,921,298 
Real Estate Depreciation
Depreciation of real estate held for investment was $92.4 million and $79.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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Property Operating Income
Components of property operating income are as follows.
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Lease income:
Fixed lease income
$177,420 $160,324 
Variable lease income
32,982 23,847 
210,402 184,171 
Data center service revenue20,525 18,340 
$230,927 $202,511 
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, property operating income from a single customer accounted for approximately 21% and 20%, respectively, of the Company's total revenues from continuing operations, or approximately 15% for both periods of the Company's share of total revenues from continuing operations, net of amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities.
Commitment for Tenant Allowance
In connection with DataBank’s acquisition of a data center portfolio in March 2022 (Note 3), DataBank and the seller concurrently entered into a master lease agreement which provides that the seller leases from DataBank land acquired in the transaction. If the seller does not exercise its rights to early terminate the lease, the seller is obligated to develop a data center facility on a portion of the acquired land and DataBank is committed to provide the seller a tenant allowance of up to $37.5 million to finance the construction. In December 2022, the seller waived its right to terminate the lease with respect to the portion of the land subject to development. The seller will be responsible for undertaking the construction and any resulting overages. Title to the to-be constructed building, improvements and fixtures will be vested in the seller for the duration of the lease and transfers to DataBank thereafter. The timing of funding of DataBank’s commitment to the seller will be based on agreed upon milestones, with construction to be completed no later than January 1, 2026. DataBank expects to fund its commitment through future debt drawdowns. No amounts have been funded by DataBank to-date.
6. Goodwill, Deferred Leasing Costs and Other Intangibles
Goodwill
The following table presents changes in goodwill by reportable segment.
Three Months Ended March 31,
20232022
(In thousands)
Investment Management (1)
OperatingTotal
Investment Management (1)
OperatingTotal
Beginning balance$298,248 $463,120 $761,368 $298,248 $463,120 $761,368 
Business combination (Note 3)
146,569  146,569    
Ending balance$444,817 $463,120 $907,937 $298,248 $463,120 $761,368 
__________
(1)    Remaining goodwill deductible for income tax purposes was $119.7 million at March 31, 2023 and $122.4 million at December 31, 2022.
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Deferred Leasing Costs, Other Intangible Assets and Intangible Liabilities
Deferred leasing costs and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities are as follows.
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
(In thousands)
Carrying Amount (1)(2)
Accumulated Amortization(1)(2)
Net Carrying Amount(1)
Carrying Amount (1)
Accumulated Amortization(1)
Net Carrying Amount(1)
Deferred Leasing Costs and Intangible Assets
Investment management intangibles (3)
$208,917 $(83,228)$125,689 $164,189 $(82,432)$81,757 
Deferred leasing costs and lease-related intangible assets (4)
1,242,281 (432,532)809,749 1,239,477 (397,975)841,502 
Customer relationships and service contracts (5)
218,154 (67,037)151,117 218,154 (62,788)155,366 
Trade names24,100 (14,454)9,646 26,400 (15,656)10,744 
Other (6)
6,818 (4,499)2,319 6,818 (4,020)2,798 
Total deferred leasing costs and intangible assets$1,700,270 $(601,750)$1,098,520 $1,655,038 $(562,871)$1,092,167 
Intangible Liabilities
Lease intangible liabilities (4)
$46,636 $(18,195)$28,441 $46,636 $(16,812)$29,824 
__________
(1)    Amounts are presented net of impairments and write-offs, if any.
(2)    Current period amounts exclude intangible assets and liabilities that were fully amortized in the preceding year.
(3)    Composed of investment management contracts and investor relationships.
(4)    Lease intangible assets are composed of in-place leases, above-market leases and tenant relationships. Lease-intangible liabilities are composed of below-market leases.
(5)    In connection with data center services provided in the colocation data center business.
(6)    Represents primarily the value of an acquired domain name and assembled workforce in an asset acquisition.
Amortization of Intangible Assets and Liabilities
The following table summarizes amortization of deferred leasing costs and finite-lived intangible assets and intangible liabilities:
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Net increase (decrease) to rental income (1)
$209 $(131)
Amortization expense
Investment management intangibles$6,090 $5,055 
Deferred leasing costs and lease-related intangibles32,843 33,707 
Customer relationships and service contracts4,249 4,914 
Trade name1,098 1,098 
Other480 477 
$44,760 $45,251 
__________
(1)    Represents the net effect of amortizing above- and below-market leases.
The following table presents the future amortization of deferred leasing costs and finite-lived intangible assets and intangible liabilities, excluding those related to assets and liabilities held for disposition.
Year Ending December 31,
(In thousands)Remaining 202320242025202620272028 and thereafterTotal
Net increase (decrease) to rental income$(869)$(1,838)$(1,740)$(1,691)$(1,016)$1,267 $(5,887)
Amortization expense123,110 137,433 120,610 107,698 95,914 479,427 1,064,192 
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7. Restricted Cash, Other Assets and Other Liabilities
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash represents principally cash reserves that are maintained pursuant to the governing agreements of the various securitized debt of the Company and subsidiaries in the Operating segment.
Other Assets
The following table summarizes the Company's other assets:
(In thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Straight-line rents$46,295 $42,721 
Investment deposits and pending deal costs15,192 1,377 
Derivative assets 11,793 
Prepaid taxes and deferred tax assets, net13,440 8,709 
Receivables from resolution of investment350 14,923 
Operating lease right-of-use asset—corporate offices
23,141 23,689 
Operating lease right-of-use asset—investment properties
307,304 305,760 
Finance lease right-of-use asset—investment properties
117,349 120,261 
Accounts receivable, net (1)
59,366 66,059 
Prepaid expenses27,260 28,760 
Other assets19,466 15,798 
Fixed assets, net (2)
13,288 14,200 
Total other assets$642,451 $654,050 
__________
(1)    Includes primarily receivables from tenants in the Operating segment.
(2)    Net of accumulated depreciation of $15.1 million at March 31, 2023 and $17.9 million at December 31, 2022.


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Other Liabilities
The following table summarizes the Company's other liabilities:
(In thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Deferred investment management fees (1)
$7,555 $6,264 
Other deferred income (2)
65,782 55,188 
Interest payable—corporate debt
5,807 4,431 
Interest payable—investment level debt
5,889 5,624 
Dividends payable16,444 16,491 
Securities sold short—consolidated funds
45,628 40,928 
Due to custodians—consolidated funds
29,129 35,458 
Current and deferred income tax liability
9,396 98 
Contingent consideration payable—InfraBridge (Note 10)
10,938  
Contingent consideration payable—Wafra (Note 10)
35,000 125,000 
Warrants issued to Wafra (Note 10)
22,200 17,700 
Operating lease liability—corporate offices
39,535 40,497 
Operating lease liability—investment properties
287,150 282,433 
Finance lease liability—investment properties
133,723 135,624 
Accrued compensation41,086 52,031 
Accrued incentive fee and carried interest compensation134,078 171,086 
Accrued real estate and other taxes15,886 21,580 
Payable for Vantage SDC expansion capacity (3)
6,889 56,889 
Accounts payable and accrued expenses219,414 185,900 
Due to affiliates (Note 16)
860 12,451 
Other liabilities1,179 6,423 
Other liabilities$1,133,568 $1,272,096 
__________
(1)    Deferred investment management fees are expected to be recognized as fee income over a weighted average period of 3.8 years as of at March 31, 2023 and 2.9 years as of December 31, 2022. Deferred investment management fees recognized as income of $1.4 million and $2.4 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, pertain to the deferred management fee balance at the beginning of each respective period.
(2)    Represents primarily prepaid rental income and upfront payment received for data center installation services in the Operating segment.
(3)    Represents deferred purchase consideration associated with a Vantage SDC add-on acquisition in 2021 that is to be paid upon future lease-up.
Deferred Income Taxes
The Company has significant deferred tax assets, related principally to capital loss carryforwards, outside basis difference in DBRG's interest in the OP, outside basis difference in investment in partnerships and net operating losses generated by a taxable U.S. subsidiary. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, a full valuation allowance has been established as the realizability of these deferred tax assets did not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold. As a result, income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023, generally reflects the income tax effect of foreign subsidiaries.
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8. Debt
Corporate debt—This is composed of a securitized financing facility and senior notes issued by DigitalBridge Group, Inc. or its OP subsidiary and are recourse to the Company, as discussed further below. Corporate debt is presented within Corporate and Other, except that a portion of the securitized financing facility is allocated to the Investment Management and Operating segments consistent with the cash flows that service the debt and the underlying collateral that resides across the Company's various lines of business.
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
(In thousands)Investment ManagementOperatingCorporate and OtherTotalInvestment ManagementOperatingCorporate and OtherTotal
Corporate debt
Securitized financing facility$199,033 $70,246 $23,416 $292,695 $198,677 $70,120 $23,374 $292,171 
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes  277,076 277,076   276,741 276,741 
$199,033 $70,246 $300,492 $569,771 $198,677 $70,120 $300,115 $568,912 
Investment-level debt—This represents non-recourse debt, including: (i) investment level financing in the Operating segment, and (ii) debt within consolidated funds and debt on warehoused investments, if any, in Corporate and Other.
The components that make up the carrying value of corporate and investment-level debt are as follows.
Corporate Debt
(In thousands)Securitized Financing FacilityConvertible and Exchangeable Senior NotesTotalNon-Recourse Investment-Level Debt
March 31, 2023
Debt at amortized cost
Principal$300,000 $278,422 $578,422 $4,871,528 
Premium (discount), net (1,175)(1,175)(47,922)
Deferred financing costs(7,305)(171)(7,476)(71,556)
$292,695 $277,076 $569,771 $4,752,050 
December 31, 2022
Debt at amortized cost
Principal$300,000 $278,422 $578,422 $4,634,235 
Premium (discount), net (1,293)(1,293)10,713 
Deferred financing costs(7,829)(388)(8,217)(57,720)
$292,171 $276,741 $568,912 $4,587,228 
The following table summarizes certain key terms of corporate and investment-level debt.
Fixed RateVariable RateTotal
($ in thousands)Outstanding Principal
Weighted Average Interest Rate (Per Annum)(1)
Weighted Average Years Remaining to Maturity(2)
Outstanding Principal
Weighted Average Interest Rate (Per Annum)(1)
Weighted Average Years Remaining to Maturity(2)
Outstanding Principal
Weighted Average Interest Rate (Per Annum)(1)
Weighted Average Years Remaining to Maturity(2)
March 31, 2023
Corporate debt
Recourse
Securitized financing facility(3)
$300,000 3.93 %3.5$ NA3.5$300,000 3.93 %3.5
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes278,422 5.21 %0.7 NANA278,422 5.21 %0.7
$578,422 $ $578,422 
Investment-Level Secured Debt
Non-recourse
Operating segment$4,508,428 3.09 %3.4$362,500 8.68 %0.8$4,870,928 3.51 %3.3
Corporate and Other—Consolidated fund
 NANA600 6.40 %1.4600 6.40 %1.4
$4,508,428 $363,100 $4,871,528 
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Fixed RateVariable RateTotal
($ in thousands)Outstanding Principal
Weighted Average Interest Rate (Per Annum)(1)
Weighted Average Years Remaining to Maturity(2)
Outstanding Principal
Weighted Average Interest Rate (Per Annum)(1)
Weighted Average Years Remaining to Maturity(2)
Outstanding Principal
Weighted Average Interest Rate (Per Annum)(1)
Weighted Average Years Remaining to Maturity(2)
December 31, 2022
Corporate debt
Recourse
Securitized financing facility(3)
$300,000 3.93 %3.7$ NA3.7$300,000 3.93 %3.7
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes278,422 5.21 %0.9 NANA278,422 5.21 %0.9
$578,422 $ $578,422 
Investment-Level Secured Debt
Non-recourse
Operating segment$3,640,235 2.43 %3.1$993,500 8.41 %2.6$4,633,735 3.71 %3.0
Corporate and Other—Consolidated fund
 NANA500 5.96 %1.6500 5.96 %1.6
$3,640,235 $994,000 $4,634,235 
__________
(1)    Calculated based upon outstanding debt principal at balance sheet date. For variable rate debt, weighted average interest rate is calculated based upon the applicable index plus spread at balance sheet date.
(2)    Calculated based upon anticipated repayment dates for notes issued under securitization financing; otherwise based upon initial maturity dates, or extended maturity dates if extension criteria are met for extensions that are at the Company's option.
(3)    Represent obligations of special-purpose subsidiaries of the OP as co-issuers and certain other special-purpose subsidiaries of DBRG, and secured by assets of these special-purpose subsidiaries, as further described below. DBRG and the OP are not guarantors to the debt.
Corporate DebtSecuritized Financing Facility
In July 2021, special-purpose subsidiaries of the OP (the "Co-Issuers") issued Series 2021-1 Secured Fund Fee Revenue Notes, composed of: (i) $300 million aggregate principal amount of 3.933% Secured Fund Fee Revenue Notes, Series 2021-1, Class A-2 (the “Class A-2 Notes”); and (ii) up to $300 million (following a $100 million increase in April 2022) Secured Fund Fee Revenue Variable Funding Notes, Series 2021-1, Class A-1 (the “VFN” and, together with the Class A-2 Notes, the “Series 2021-1 Notes”). The VFN allow the Co-Issuers to borrow on a revolving basis. The Series 2021-1 Notes were issued under an Indenture dated July 2021, as amended in April 2022, that allows the Co-Issuers to issue additional series of notes in the future, subject to certain conditions. The Series 2021-1 Notes replaced the Company's previous corporate credit facility.
The Series 2021-1 Notes represent obligations of the Co-Issuers and certain other special-purpose subsidiaries of DBRG, and neither DBRG, the OP nor any of its other subsidiaries are liable for the obligations of the Co-Issuers. The Series 2021-1 Notes are secured by net investment management fees earned by subsidiaries of DBRG, equity interests in portfolio companies in the Operating segment and limited partnership interests in certain sponsored funds held by subsidiaries of DBRG, as collateral.
The Class A-2 Notes bear interest at a rate of 3.933% per annum, payable quarterly. The VFN bear interest generally based upon 1-month Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate or SOFR (prior to April 2022, 3-month LIBOR) or an alternate benchmark as set forth in the purchase agreement of the VFN plus 3%. Unused capacity under the VFN facility is subject to a commitment fee of 0.5% per annum. The final maturity date of the Class A-2 Notes is in September 2051, with an anticipated repayment date in September 2026. The anticipated repayment date of the VFN is in September 2024, subject to two one-year extensions at the option of the Co-Issuers. If the Series 2021-1 Notes are not repaid or refinanced prior to their anticipated repayment date, or such date is not extended for the VFN, interest will accrue at a higher rate and the Series 2021-1 Notes will begin to amortize quarterly.
The Series 2021-1 Notes may be optionally prepaid, in whole or in part, prior to their anticipated repayment dates. There is no prepayment penalty on the VFN. However, prepayment of the Class A-2 Notes will be subject to additional consideration based upon the difference between the present value of future payments of principal and interest and the outstanding principal of such Class A-2 Note that is being prepaid; or 1% of the outstanding principal of such Class A-2 Note that is being prepaid in connection with a disposition of collateral.
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The Indenture of the Series 2021-1 Notes contains various covenants, including financial covenants that require the maintenance of minimum thresholds for debt service coverage ratio and maximum loan-to-value ratio, as defined. As of the date of this filing, the Co-Issuers are in compliance with all of the financial covenants, and the full $300 million under the VFN is available to be drawn.
Corporate DebtConvertible and Exchangeable Senior Notes
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes (collectively, the senior notes) are composed of the following, each representing senior unsecured obligations of DigitalBridge Group, Inc. or a subsidiary as the respective issuers of the senior notes:
DescriptionIssuance DateDue DateInterest Rate (per annum)Conversion or Exchange Price (per share of common stock)
Conversion or Exchange Ratio
(in shares)(1)
Conversion or Exchange Shares (in thousands)Earliest Redemption DateOutstanding Principal
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Issued by DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
5.00% Convertible Senior Notes (2)
April 2013April 15, 20235.00 $63.02 15.8675 3,174 April 22, 2020$200,000 $200,000 
Issued by DigitalBridge Operating Company, LLC
5.75% Exchangeable Senior NotesJuly 2020July 15, 20255.75 9.20 108.6956 8,524 July 21, 202378,422 78,422 
$278,422 $278,422 
__________
(1)    The conversion or exchange rate for the senior notes is subject to periodic adjustments to reflect certain carried-forward adjustments relating to common stock splits, reverse stock splits, common stock adjustments in connection with spin-offs and cumulative cash dividends paid on the Company's common stock since the issuances of the respective senior notes. The conversion or exchange ratios are presented in shares of common stock per $1,000 principal of each senior note.
(2)    Fully repaid in April 2023.
The senior notes mature on their respective due dates, unless earlier redeemed, repurchased, converted or exchanged, as applicable. The outstanding senior notes are convertible or exchangeable at any time by holders of such notes into shares of the Company’s common stock at the applicable conversion or exchange rate, which is subject to adjustment upon occurrence of certain events.
To the extent certain trading conditions of the Company’s common stock are met, the senior notes are redeemable by the applicable issuer thereof in whole or in part for cash at any time on or after their respective earliest redemption dates at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of such senior notes being redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest (if any) up to, but excluding, the redemption date.
In the event of certain change in control transactions, holders of the senior notes have the right to require the applicable issuer to purchase all or part of such holder's senior notes for cash in accordance with terms of the governing documents of the respective senior notes.
Exchange of Senior Notes For Common Stock and Cash
There were no exchange transactions in the three months ended March 31, 2023.
In March 2022, DBRG and the OP completed separate privately negotiated exchange transactions with certain noteholders of the 5.75% exchangeable notes. The Company exchanged in aggregate $60.3 million of outstanding principal of the 5.75% exchangeable notes into 6,389,366 shares of the Company's class A common stock and paid $13.9 million of cash. The exchanges resulted in a debt extinguishment loss of $133.2 million, calculated as the excess of consideration paid over the carrying value of the notes exchanged, and recorded in other loss on the consolidated statement of operations. Consideration was measured at fair value based upon the closing price of the Company's class A
common stock on the date of the respective exchanges, and cash paid, net of transaction costs. The exchanges did not qualify as debt conversion and were treated as debt extinguishment as the Company issued less than the number of shares issuable under the stated exchange ratio of 108.696 shares per $1,000 of note principal exchanged.
Non-Recourse Investment-Level Secured Debt
These are investment level financing that are non-recourse to DBRG and are primarily secured by data center portfolios held by subsidiaries in the Operating segment. At March 31, 2023, the subsidiaries in the Operating segment were in compliance with the financial covenants underlying their respective investment-level secured debt.
In 2023, subsidiaries in the Operating segment refinanced or raised additional debt through new securitization transactions, as follows. There were no securitization activities in 2022.
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In February 2023, DataBank issued $715 million of securitized notes at fixed rate coupon of 5.12% per annum (7.07% per annum effective rate as the notes were issued at a discount) with a 5-year anticipated repayment date. In April 2023, DataBank secured an additional $350 million credit facility. Proceeds were applied principally to refinance the data center assets of its zColo subsidiary and to repay the outstanding balance on its variable funding notes.
In March 2023, Vantage SDC issued $370 million of securitized notes at a fixed rate coupon of 6.32% per annum with a 5-year anticipated repayment date. Proceeds were applied principally to repay previously issued securitized notes which had an anticipated repayment date in November 2023 and the outstanding balance on its variable funding notes.
These refinancing transactions resulted in a net loss from debt extinguishment totaling $9.4 million, representing prepayment penalty and accelerated amortization of deferred financing costs, debt discount and premium, recorded in interest expense.
Future Minimum Principal Payments
The following table summarizes future scheduled minimum principal payments of debt at March 31, 2023. Future debt principal payments are presented based upon anticipated repayment dates for notes issued under securitization financing, or based upon initial maturity dates or extended maturity dates if extension criteria are met at March 31, 2023 for extensions that are at the option of the respective borrower entities.
The $200 million outstanding principal of the 5% convertible senior notes that was due in April 2023 was fully repaid at maturity.
(In thousands)Remaining 202320242025202620272028 and thereafterTotal
Corporate debt
Securitized financing facility$$$$300,000$$$300,000
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes200,00078,422278,422
$200,000$$78,422$300,000$$$578,422
Non-recourse investment-level secured debt
Operating segment$102,985$863,253$700,000$1,519,690$600,000$1,085,000$4,870,928
Corporate and Other—Consolidated fund
600600
$102,985$863,853$700,000$1,519,690$600,000$1,085,000$4,871,528
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9. Stockholders' Equity
The table below summarizes the share activities of the Company's preferred stock and common stock.
Number of Shares
(In thousands)Preferred Stock
Class A
Common Stock
Class B
Common Stock
Shares outstanding at December 31, 202135,340 142,144 166 
Exchange of notes for class A common stock— 6,389 — 
Equity awards issued, net of forfeitures— 1,248 — 
Shares canceled for tax withholding on vested equity awards— (411)— 
Shares outstanding at March 31, 202235,340 149,370 166 
Shares outstanding at December 31, 202233,111 159,763 166 
Stock repurchases(3) — 
Equity awards issued, net of forfeitures— 2,486 — 
Shares canceled for tax withholding on vested equity awards— (415)— 
Shares outstanding at March 31, 202333,108 161,834 166 
Preferred Stock
In the event of a liquidation or dissolution of the Company, preferred stockholders have priority over common stockholders for payment of dividends and distribution of net assets.
The table below summarizes the preferred stock issued and outstanding at March 31, 2023:
DescriptionDividend Rate Per AnnumInitial Issuance Date
Shares Outstanding
(in thousands)
Par Value
(in thousands)
Liquidation Preference
(in thousands)
Earliest Redemption Date
Series H7.125 %April 20158,429 $84 $210,731 Currently redeemable
Series I7.15 %June 201712,988 130 324,710 Currently redeemable
Series J7.125 %September 201711,691 117 292,270 Currently redeemable
33,108 $331 $827,711 
All series of preferred stock are at parity with respect to dividends and distributions, including distributions upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company. Dividends on Series H, I and J of preferred stock are payable quarterly in arrears in January, April, July and October.
Each series of preferred stock is redeemable on or after the earliest redemption date for that series at $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends (whether or not declared) prorated to their redemption dates, exclusively at the Company’s option. The redemption period for each series of preferred stock is subject to the Company’s right under limited circumstances to redeem the preferred stock upon the occurrence of a change of control (as defined in the articles supplementary relating to each series of preferred stock).
Preferred stock generally does not have any voting rights, except if the Company fails to pay the preferred dividends for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive). Under such circumstances, the preferred stock will be entitled to vote, together as a single class with any other series of parity stock upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable, to elect two additional directors to the Company’s board of directors, until all unpaid dividends have been paid or declared and set aside for payment. In addition, certain changes to the terms of any series of preferred stock cannot be made without the affirmative vote of holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares of each such series of preferred stock voting separately as a class for each series of preferred stock.
Common Stock
Except with respect to voting rights, class A common stock and class B common stock have the same rights and privileges and rank equally, share ratably in dividends and distributions, and are identical in all respects as to all matters. Class A common stock has one vote per share and class B common stock has thirty-six and one-half votes per share. This gives the holders of class B common stock a right to vote that reflects the aggregate outstanding non-voting economic interest in the Company (in the form of OP Units) attributable to class B common stock holders and therefore, does not provide any disproportionate voting rights. Class B common stock was issued as consideration in the Company's acquisition in April 2015 of the investment management business and operations of its former manager, which was previously controlled by the Company's former Executive Chairman. Each share of class B common stock shall convert automatically into one share of class A common stock if the former Executive Chairman or his beneficiaries directly or
33


indirectly transfer beneficial ownership of class B common stock or OP Units held by them, other than to certain qualified transferees, which generally includes affiliates and employees. In addition, each holder of class B common stock has the right, at the holder’s option, to convert all or a portion of such holder’s class B common stock into an equal number of shares of class A common stock.
The Company reinstated quarterly common stock dividends at $0.01 per share beginning the third quarter of 2022, having previously suspended common stock dividends from the second quarter of 2020 through the second quarter of 2022.
Dividend Reinvestment and Direct Stock Purchase Plan
The Company's Dividend Reinvestment and Direct Stock Purchase Plan (the “DRIP Plan”) provides existing common stockholders and other investors the opportunity to purchase shares (or additional shares, as applicable) of the Company's class A common stock by reinvesting some or all of the cash dividends received on their shares of the Company's class A common stock or making optional cash purchases within specified parameters. The DRIP Plan involves the acquisition of the Company's class A common stock either in the open market, directly from the Company as newly issued common stock, or in privately negotiated transactions with third parties. To date, no shares of class A common stock have been acquired under the DRIP Plan in the form of new issuances in the last three years.
Reverse Stock Split
In August 2022, the Company effectuated a one-for-four reverse stock split of its outstanding shares of class A and class B common stock. The number of authorized shares of common stock was not adjusted in connection with the reverse stock split, however, the Company intends to seek stockholder approval to make a proportional change to the number of authorized shares of class A and class B common stock at its next annual meeting of stockholders. Par value of common stock was proportionately increased from $0.01 to $0.04 per share. Common stock share and per share information, including OP Units and stock award units as well as the Company's senior note conversion or exchange ratio in common stock shares, have been revised for all periods presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to give effect to the reverse stock split.
Stock Repurchases
Pursuant to a $200 million stock repurchase program announced in July 2022, during the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 2,738 shares in aggregate across Series H, I and J preferred stock for approximately $52,000, or a weighted average price of $18.89 per share. In April 2023, an additional 232,485 shares of preferred stock were repurchased for $4.7 million, or a weighted average price of $20.20 per share. In 2022, the Company repurchased (i) 2,228,805 shares in aggregate across Series H, I and J preferred stock at a discount for $52.6 million, or a weighted average price of $23.62 per share; and (ii) 4,195,020 shares of class A common stock for $54.9 million, or a weighted average price of $13.09 per share. The stock repurchase program expires on June 30, 2023 and may be extended, modified, or discontinued at any time by the Company's Board of Directors.
The excess or deficit of the repurchase price over the carrying value of the preferred stock results in a decrease or increase to net income attributable to common stockholders, respectively.
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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following tables present the changes in each component of AOCI attributable to stockholders and noncontrolling interests in investment entities, net of immaterial tax effect. AOCI attributable to noncontrolling interests in Operating Company is immaterial.
Changes in Components of AOCI—Stockholders
(In thousands)
Company's Share in AOCI of Equity Method InvestmentsUnrealized Gain (Loss) on AFS Debt Securities
Foreign Currency Translation Gain (Loss)
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Net Investment Hedges
Total
AOCI at December 31, 2021$2,334 $5,861 $26,502 $7,686 $42,383 
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications217  (3,131)25 (2,889)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(200)(5,861)(20,680) (26,741)
AOCI at March 31, 2022$2,351 $ $2,691 $7,711 $12,753 
AOCI at December 31, 2022$(295)$ $(1,214)$ $(1,509)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications(1) 787  786 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI296  (1,051) (755)
AOCI at March 31, 2023$ $ $(1,478)$ $(1,478)
Changes in Components of AOCI—Noncontrolling Interests in Investment Entities
(In thousands)Foreign Currency Translation Gain (Loss)
AOCI at December 31, 2021$11,057 
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(2,184)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(9,827)
AOCI at March 31, 2022$(954)
AOCI at December 31, 2022$(3,015)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications503 
Amounts reclassified from AOCI(468)
AOCI at March 31, 2023$(2,980)
Reclassifications out of AOCI—Stockholders
Information about amounts reclassified out of AOCI attributable to stockholders by component is presented below. Such amounts are included in other gain (loss) in both continuing and discontinued operations on the statements of operations, as applicable, except for amounts related to equity method investments, which are included in equity method losses in discontinued operations.
(In thousands)
Three Months Ended March 31,
Component of AOCI reclassified into earnings20232022
Relief of basis of AFS debt securities$ $5,861 
Release of foreign currency cumulative translation adjustments1,051 20,680 
Release of AOCI of equity method investments(296)200 
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10. Noncontrolling Interests
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
The following table presents the activities in redeemable noncontrolling interests in the Company's investment management business prior to its redemption in May 2022 as discussed below, and in open-end funds sponsored and consolidated by the Company.
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Redeemable noncontrolling interests
Balance at January 1$100,574 $359,223 
Contributions  10,150 
Distributions paid and payable, including redemptions by limited partners in consolidated funds(104)(9,414)
Net income (loss) 6,943 (11,220)
Adjustment of Wafra's interest to redemption value and warrants held by Wafra to fair value 690,000 
Balance at March 31$107,413 $1,038,739 
Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest in Investment Management
On May 23, 2022, the Company redeemed the 31.5% noncontrolling interest in its investment management business held by affiliates of Wafra, Inc. (collectively, "Wafra"), a private investment firm, pursuant to a purchase and sale agreement ("PSA") entered into in April 2022.
In connection with Wafra's initial investment in the Company's investment management business in July 2020, Wafra had assumed directly and also indirectly through a participation interest $124.9 million of the Company's commitments to DBP I, and has a $125.0 million commitment to DBP II that has been partially funded to-date. These are the Company's flagship value-add equity infrastructure funds. Wafra had also agreed to make commitments to the Company's future funds and investment vehicles on a pro rata basis with the Company based on Wafra's percentage interest in the investment management business, subject to certain caps.
Pursuant to the PSA, Wafra’s entitlement to carried interest in DBP II was reduced from 12.6% to 7%, and with certain limited exceptions, Wafra sold or gave up its right to invest in, or receive carried interest from, future investment management products, but except as otherwise provided, retained its investment in and its allocation of carried interest from existing investment management products.
Consideration for the redemption of Wafra's interest consisted of: (i) an upfront payment of $388.5 million in cash and 14,435,399 shares of the Company's Class A common stock valued at $348.8 million based upon the closing price of the Company's class A common stock on May 23, 2022; and (ii) Wafra's right to earn a contingent amount up to $125 million if the Company raises fee earning equity under management (as defined in the PSA) up to $6 billion during the period from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2023, payable in March 2023 for portion earned in 2022 and March 2024 for any remaining portion earned in 2023, with up to 50% payable in shares of the Company's Class A common stock at the Company's election. The Company paid Wafra in cash $90 million of the contingent amount in March 2023.
The carrying value of Wafra's redeemable noncontrolling interest was adjusted to fair value prior to redemption, initially based upon an estimate of consideration payable at March 31, 2022 when redemption was deemed to be probable, including the maximum potential contingent amount of $125 million. This adjustment resulted in an allocation from additional paid-in capital to redeemable noncontrolling interests on the consolidated balance sheet.
The unrealized carried interest earnings allocated to Wafra that was retained and no longer subject to redemption was reclassified in May 2022 to permanent equity, included in noncontrolling interests in investment entities.
Additionally, in July 2020, the Company had also issued Wafra five warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 5% of the Company’s class A common stock (5% at the time of the transaction, on a fully-diluted, post-transaction basis), as described further in Note 11. In connection with the redemption, the terms of the warrants were amended, among other things, to provide for net cash settlement upon exercise of the warrants, at election of either the Company or Wafra, if such exercise would result in Wafra beneficially owning in excess of 9.8% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company's class A common stock. Inclusion of the cash settlement feature changed the classification of the warrants from equity to liability. The warrants were remeasured to fair value prior to reclassification in May 2022, with the increase in value recorded in equity to reduce additional paid-in capital. Subsequent changes in fair value of the warrant liability is recorded in earnings.
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The Company's redemption of Wafra's interest in May 2022 also resulted in the assumption of $5.2 million of deferred tax asset that now accrues to the Company.
Noncontrolling Interests in Investment Entities
DataBank Additional Investment in 2022
In January 2022, a shareholder of DataBank sold its equity interest to the Company and an existing investor, resulting in an additional $32.0 million investment by the Company in DataBank. Following this transaction and additional equity funded by the shareholders of DataBank in connection with its data center acquisition in March 2022 (Note 3), the Company's interest in DataBank increased from 20% to 21.8% (prior to recapitalization as discussed below).
DataBank Recapitalization in 2022
DataBank was partially recapitalized in the second half of 2022 through multiple sales of equity interest to new investors totaling $2.0 billion in cash. The Company's ownership interest in DataBank decreased from 21.8% (as noted above) to 11.0%. The Company received its share of proceeds from the sale of $425.5 million in the third and fourth quarters of 2022, including its share of carried interest, net of allocation to employees.
As the transaction involved a change in ownership of a consolidated subsidiary, it was accounted for as an equity transaction. The difference between the book value of the Company's interest and its ownership based upon the current value of DataBank resulted in a reallocation from noncontrolling interests in investment entities to additional paid-in capital totaling $230.2 million in the third and fourth quarters of 2022.
The recapitalization transaction triggered an accelerated vesting of certain profits interest units that had been issued by DataBank to its employees. As a result of the accelerated vesting, $10 million of additional equity based compensation was recorded in the third quarter of 2022 based upon DataBank's original grant date fair value of these awards, of which $7.8 million was attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities.
Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Company
Certain current and former employees of the Company directly or indirectly own interests in OP, presented as noncontrolling interests in the Operating Company. Noncontrolling interests in OP have the right to require OP to redeem part or all of such member’s OP Units for cash based on the market value of an equivalent number of shares of class A common stock at the time of redemption, or at the Company's election as managing member of OP, through issuance of shares of class A common stock (registered or unregistered) on a one-for-one basis. At the end of each period, noncontrolling interests in OP is adjusted to reflect their ownership percentage in OP at the end of the period, through a reallocation between controlling and noncontrolling interests in OP.
Redemption of OP Units—No OP Units were redeemed in the three months ended March 31, 2023. The Company redeemed 100,220 OP Units during the year ended December 31, 2022 through the issuance of an equal number of shares of class A common stock on a one-for-one basis.
11. Fair Value
Recurring Fair Values
Financial assets and financial liabilities carried at fair value on a recurring basis include financial instruments for which the fair value option was elected, but exclude financial assets under the NAV practical expedient. Fair value is categorized into a three tier hierarchy that is prioritized based upon the level of transparency in inputs used in the valuation techniques, as follows.
Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in non-active markets, or valuation techniques utilizing inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable data directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.
Level 3—At least one assumption or input is unobservable and it is significant to the fair value measurement, requiring significant management judgment or estimate.
Marketable Equity Securities
Marketable equity securities with long positions of $166.0 million at March 31, 2023 and $155.9 million at December 31, 2022, included within equity investments of Corporate and Other (Note 4), and short positions of $45.6 million at March 31, 2023 and $40.9 million at December 31, 2022, included in other liabilities (Note 7), consist of
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publicly traded equity securities held predominantly by sponsored liquid strategy funds consolidated by the Company. The equity securities of the consolidated funds comprise listed stocks primarily in the U.S. and to a lesser extent, in Europe, and primarily in the technology, media and telecommunications sectors. These marketable equity securities are valued based upon listed prices in active markets and classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
Equity Investment of Consolidated Fund
A consolidated credit fund has equity interest in a pooling entity, invested alongside other affiliated managed funds, that holds a portfolio of loans. The fund's equity interest in the pooling entity had a fair value of $62.5 million at March 31, 2023 and $46.8 million at December 31, 2022, classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Fair value of the fund's equity interest in the pooling entity is based upon its share of expected cash flows from the loan assets held by the pooling entity. In estimating the fair value of its underlying loans, the pooling entity considered the prevailing market yields at which a third party might expect to receive on equivalent loans with similar credit risk. Based upon the comparison to market yields, it was determined that the transacted price on the loans held by the pooling entity approximate their fair value at March 31, 2023 and at December 31, 2022.
Derivatives
The Company's derivative instruments generally consist of: (i) foreign currency put options, forward contracts and costless collars to hedge the foreign currency exposure of certain foreign-denominated investments or investments in foreign subsidiaries (in GBP and EUR), with notional amounts and termination dates based upon the anticipated return of capital from these investments; and (ii) interest rate caps and swaps to limit the exposure to changes in interest rates on various floating rate debt obligations (indexed to LIBOR or Euribor). These derivative contracts may be designated as qualifying hedge accounting relationships, specifically as net investment hedges and cash flow hedges, respectively.
The derivative instruments are subject to master netting arrangements with counterparties that allow the Company to offset the settlement of derivative assets and liabilities in the same currency by instrument type or, in the event of default by the counterparty, to offset all derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty. Notwithstanding the conditions for right of offset may have been met, the Company presents derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty on a gross basis on the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company had no outstanding derivatives at March 31, 2023. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of derivative assets was $11.8 million, included in other assets, and there were no derivatives in a liability position. All derivative positions were non-designated hedges. Derivative notional amounts for foreign exchange contracts aggregated to the equivalent of $321.1 million at December 31, 2022, and there were no outstanding interest rate contracts.
Realized and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments are recorded in other gain (loss) on the consolidated statement of operations as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Foreign currency contracts:
Realized and unrealized gain in earnings on non-designated contracts (1)
$4,053 $1,510 
Interest rate contracts:
Realized and unrealized gain in earnings on non-designated contracts 61 
__________
(1)    Amount in 2023 relates to foreign currency contract entered into on behalf of a sponsored fund, which has no net impact to the Company's earnings, as discussed in Note 16.
The Company's foreign currency and interest rate contracts are generally traded over-the-counter, and are valued using a third-party service provider. Quotations on over-the-counter derivatives are not adjusted and are generally valued using observable inputs such as contractual cash flows, yield curve, foreign currency rates and credit spreads, and are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Although credit valuation adjustments, such as the risk of default, rely on Level 3 inputs, these inputs are not significant to the overall valuation of the derivatives. As a result, derivative valuations in their entirety are classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Warrants
As discussed in Note 10, the Company had issued five warrants to Wafra in July 2020. Each warrant entitles Wafra to purchase up to 1,338,000 shares of the Company's class A common stock at staggered strike prices between $9.72 and $24.00 each, exercisable through July 17, 2026. No warrants have been exercised to-date.
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The warrants are carried at fair value effective May 2022 when they were reclassified from equity to liability, with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in other gain (loss) on the consolidated statements of operations. The warrants were valued at $22.2 million at March 31, 2023 and $17.7 million at December 31, 2022 using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, applying the following inputs: (a) estimated volatility for DBRG's class A common stock of 44.4% (40.8% at December 31, 2022); (b) closing stock price of DBRG's class A common stock on the last trading day of the quarter; (c) the strike price for each warrant; (d) remaining term to expiration of the warrants; and (e) risk free rate of 3.78% per annum (4.16% per annum at December 31, 2022), derived from the daily U.S. Treasury yield curve rates to correspond to the remaining term to expiration of the warrants. Fair value of the warrant liability, classified as Level 3 fair value, increased $4.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Contingent Consideration
In connection with the acquisition of InfraBridge, contingent consideration is payable if prescribed fundraising targets for InfraBridge's new global infrastructure funds are met. In measuring the contingent consideration, the Company applied a probability-weighted approach to the likelihood of meeting various fundraising targets and discounted the estimated future contingent consideration payment at 4.9% to derive a present value amount. The contingent consideration of $10.9 million at March 31, 2023 is classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, with changes in fair value recorded in other gain (loss).
Fair Value Option
Loans Receivable
Loans receivable are carried at fair value under the fair value option, which consisted of two unsecured promissory notes, one in connection with the 2022 sale of the Company's Wellness Infrastructure business (Note 2) and one held by DataBank, presented within Corporate and Other and in the Operating segment, respectively. Both loans receivable have a bullet repayment of principal and accrue PIK interest. Accrued interest forms part of the fair value of loans receivable and is recorded in other income. Changes in fair value of loans receivable are recorded in other gain (loss).
At March 31, 2023, fair value of loans receivable was $6.8 million ($137.9 million at December 31, 2022), with unpaid principal balance, inclusive of PIK interest, of $168.8 million ($167.8 million at December 31, 2022), classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. At March 31, 2023, the Wellness Infrastructure note was fully written down, taking into consideration an impending foreclosure of certain assets within the Wellness Infrastructure portfolio by its mezzanine lender. The DataBank note was carried at par plus accrued PIK interest as it was fully repaid in April 2023. At December 31, 2022, loan fair values were based upon a discounted cash flow projection of principal and interest expected to be collected, applying discount rates of 10.0% and 10.5%.
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Changes in Level 3 Fair Value
The following table presents changes in recurring Level 3 fair value assets held for investment. Realized and unrealized gains (losses) are included in other gain (loss).
Fair Value OptionEquity Investment of Consolidated Fund
(In thousands)Loans Receivable
Fair value at December 31, 2021$82,930 $ 
Originations and drawdowns360,990  
Paydowns(112,500) 
Change in accrued interest and capitalization of paid-in-kind interest(650) 
Unrealized gain (loss) in earnings, net(2,815) 
Fair value at March 31, 2022$327,955 $ 
Net unrealized gain (loss) in earnings on instruments held at March 31, 2022$(2,815)$ 
 
Fair value at December 31, 2022$137,945 $46,770 
Contributions 9,627 
Change in consolidated fund's share of equity investment (1)
 6,125 
Paydowns of underlying loan assets held by equity investment of consolidated fund
 (25)
Change in accrued interest and capitalization of paid-in-kind interest545  
Unrealized gain (loss) in earnings, net (2)
(131,686)11 
Fair value at March 31, 2023$6,804 $62,508 
Net unrealized gain (loss) in earnings on instruments held at March 31, 2023$(131,686)$11 
__________
(1)    Represents reallocation of investment value when relative ownership of the pooling entity across its fund owners change following additional capital contributions.
(2)    With respect to equity investment of the consolidated fund, represents remeasurement of a foreign currency denominated loan asset held by the pooling entity of the consolidated fund.
Investment Carried at Fair Value Using Net Asset Value
The Company holds an investment in a non-traded healthcare REIT, valued at $34.5 million at March 31, 2023 and at December 31, 2022, presented within Corporate and Other in Note 4. The Company has no commitment for any further investment in the non-traded REIT in the future. The investment is valued based upon NAV beginning October 2021 when the investee, a healthcare real estate investor/manager, was acquired in conjunction with a merger of its co-sponsored non-traded REITs. The transaction diluted the Company's equity interest in the investee, which was previously accounted for as an equity method investment. Redemption of the Company's partnership interest in the non-traded healthcare REIT is restricted until the earliest of (1) the second anniversary of the issuance to the Company of such partnership units, (2) change in control of the general partner, and (3) initial public offering of the equity of the non-traded healthcare REIT, which may be subject to further restriction on redemption by the underwriters.
Nonrecurring Fair Values
The Company measures fair value of certain assets on a nonrecurring basis: (i) on the acquisition date for business combinations; and (ii) when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Adjustments to fair value generally result from the application of lower of amortized cost or fair value accounting for assets held for disposition or otherwise, write-down of asset values due to impairment.
Other than the assets and liabilities acquired in the InfraBridge business combination discussed in Note 3, there were no assets held for investment carried at nonrecurring fair value at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
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Fair Value of Financial Instruments Reported at Cost
Fair value of financial instruments reported at amortized cost, excluding those held for disposition, are presented below.
 Fair Value MeasurementsCarrying Value
(In thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
March 31, 2023
Liabilities
Corporate debt
Secured fund fee revenue notes$ $250,547 $ $250,547 $292,695 
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes325,098   325,098 277,076 
Non-recourse investment-level debt 4,134,916 363,488 4,498,404 4,752,050 
December 31, 2022
Liabilities
Corporate debt
Secured fund fee revenue notes$ $250,547 $ $250,547 $292,171 
Convertible and exchangeable senior notes304,513   304,513 276,741 
Non-recourse investment-level debt 3,268,508 944,984 4,213,492 4,587,228 
Debt—Senior notes and secured fund fee revenue notes were valued using their last traded price. Fair value of investment-level debt were estimated by either discounting expected future cash outlays at interest rates available to the respective borrower subsidiaries for similar instruments or for securitized debt, based upon indicative bond prices quoted by brokers in the secondary market.
Other—The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, due from and to affiliates, interest payable and accounts payable generally approximate fair value due to their short term nature, and credit risk, if any, is negligible.
12. Variable Interest Entities
A VIE is an entity that lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties, or whose equity holders lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. The following discusses the Company's involvement with VIEs where the Company is the primary beneficiary and consolidates the VIEs or where the Company is not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate the VIEs.
Operating Subsidiary
The Company's operating subsidiary, OP, is a limited liability company that has governing provisions that are the functional equivalent of a limited partnership. The Company holds the majority of membership interest in OP, acts as the managing member of OP and exercises full responsibility, discretion and control over the day-to-day management of OP. The noncontrolling interests in OP do not have substantive liquidation rights, substantive kick-out rights without cause, or substantive participating rights that could be exercised by a simple majority of noncontrolling interest members (including by such a member unilaterally). The absence of such rights, which represent voting rights in a limited partnership equivalent structure, would render OP to be a VIE. The Company, as managing member, has the power to direct the core activities of OP that most significantly affect OP's performance, and through its majority interest in OP, has both the right to receive benefits from and the obligation to absorb losses of OP. Accordingly, the Company is the primary beneficiary of OP and consolidates OP. As the Company conducts its business and holds its assets and liabilities through OP, the total assets and liabilities, earnings (losses), and cash flows of OP represent substantially all of the total consolidated assets and liabilities, earnings (losses), and cash flows of the Company.
Company-Sponsored Private Funds
The Company sponsors private funds and other investment vehicles as general partner for the purpose of providing investment management services in exchange for management fees and carried interest. These private funds are established as limited partnerships or equivalent structures. Limited partners of the private funds do not have either substantive liquidation rights, or substantive kick-out rights without cause, or substantive participating rights that could be exercised by a simple majority of limited partners or by a single limited partner. Accordingly, the absence of such rights, which represent voting rights in a limited partnership, results in the private funds being considered VIEs. The nature of the Company's involvement with its sponsored funds comprise fee arrangements and general partner and limited partner
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equity interests. The fee arrangements are commensurate with the level of management services provided by the Company, and contain terms and conditions that are customary to similar at-market fee arrangements.
Consolidated Company-Sponsored Private Funds—The Company currently consolidates sponsored private funds in which it has more than an insignificant equity interest in the fund as general partner. As a result, the Company is considered to be acting in the capacity of a principal of the sponsored private fund and is therefore the primary beneficiary of the fund. The Company’s exposure is limited to the value of its outstanding investment in the consolidated private funds of $112.6 million at March 31, 2023 and $94.7 million at December 31, 2022. The liabilities of the consolidated funds
may only be settled using assets of the consolidated funds, and the Company, as general partner, is not obligated to provide any financial support to the consolidated private funds.
The following table presents the assets and liabilities of the consolidated funds, which are presented within Corporate and Other in the supplemental schedule to the consolidated balance sheets.
(In thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$82,906 $86,433 
Investments—marketable equity securities and equity interest in credit pooling entity (Note 11)
211,758 185,845 
Other assets414 1,895 
$295,078 $274,173 
Liabilities
Debt$350 $465 
Other liabilities
Securities sold short45,629 40,928 
Due to custodian29,130 35,457 
Other1,059 2,734 
$76,168 $79,584 
Unconsolidated Company-Sponsored Private Funds—The Company does not consolidate its sponsored private funds where it has insignificant direct equity interests or capital commitments to these funds as general partner. The Company may invest alongside certain of its sponsored private funds through joint ventures between the Company and these funds, or the Company may have capital commitments to its sponsored private funds that are satisfied directly through the co-investment joint ventures as an affiliate of the general partner. In these instances, the co-investment joint ventures are consolidated by the Company. As the Company's direct equity interests in its sponsored private funds as general partner absorb insignificant variability, the Company is considered to be acting in the capacity of an agent of these funds and is therefore not the primary beneficiary of these funds. The Company accounts for its equity interests in unconsolidated sponsored private funds under the equity method. The Company's maximum exposure to loss is limited to the carrying value of its investment in the unconsolidated sponsored private funds, totaling $853.8 million at March 31, 2023 and $752.3 million at December 31, 2022, included in equity investments, and $0.8 million at March 31, 2023 and $1.0 million at December 31, 2022, included within assets held for disposition.
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13. Earnings per Share
The following table provides the basic and diluted earnings per common share computations.
 Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands, except per share data)20232022
Net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders
Income (Loss) from continuing operations attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.$(184,136)$(165,197)
  Income (Loss) from discontinued operations attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.(13,661)(81,360)
Net income (loss) attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.(197,797)(246,557)
Preferred dividends(14,676)(15,759)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders(212,473)(262,316)
Net income (loss) allocated to participating securities(31) 
Net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders—basic(212,504)(262,316)
Interest expense attributable to convertible and exchangeable notes (1)
  
Net income (loss) allocated to common stockholders—diluted$(212,504)$(262,316)
Weighted average common shares outstanding
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—basic158,446 142,485 
Weighted average effect of dilutive shares (1)(2)(3)
  
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding—diluted158,446 142,485 
Income (loss) per share—basic
Income (Loss) from continuing operations$(1.25)$(1.27)
(Income (Loss) from discontinued operations(0.09)(0.57)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per common share—basic$(1.34)$(1.84)
Income (loss) per share—diluted
Income (Loss) from continuing operations$(1.25)$(1.27)
(Income (Loss) from discontinued operations(0.09)(0.57)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per common share—diluted$(1.34)$(1.84)
__________
(1)    With respect to the assumed conversion or exchange of the Company's outstanding senior notes, the following are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share as their inclusion would be antidilutive: (a) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the effect of adding back interest expense of $4.0 million and $4.8 million, respectively, and 11,697,600 and 16,580,800 of weighted average dilutive common share equivalents, respectively. Also excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share was $133.2 million of debt extinguishment loss (Note 8) for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
(2)    The calculation of diluted earnings per share excludes the effect of the following as their inclusion would be antidilutive: (a) class A common shares that are contingently issuable in relation to performance stock units (Note 15) with weighted average shares of 32,400 and 2,164,300 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively; and (b) class A common shares that are issuable to net settle the exercise of warrants (Note 10) with weighted average shares of 362,800 and 2,937,600 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(3)    OP Units may be redeemed for registered or unregistered class A common stock on a one-for-one basis and are not dilutive. At March 31, 2023 and 2022, 12,628,900 and 12,728,900 of OP Units, respectively, were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share in the respective periods presented.
14. Fee Income
The following table presents the Company's fee income by type.
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Management fees
$57,158 $42,191 
Incentive fees
869  
Other fees
1,099 646 
Total fee income $59,126 $42,837 
Management FeesThe Company earns management fees for providing investment management services to its sponsored private funds and other investment vehicles, portfolio companies and managed accounts. Management fees are calculated generally at contractual rates ranging from 0.2% per annum to 1.5% per annum of investors' committed capital during the commitment period of the vehicle, and thereafter, contributed or invested capital; or net asset value for vehicles in the liquid securities strategy.
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Incentive Fees—The Company is entitled to incentive fees from sub-advisory accounts in its liquid securities strategy. Incentive fees are determined based upon the performance of the respective accounts, subject to the achievement of specified return thresholds in accordance with the terms set out in their respective governing agreements. A portion of the incentive fees earned by the Company is allocable to senior management, investment professionals, and certain other employees of the Company, included in carried interest and incentive fee compensation expense.
Other Fee Income—Other fees include primarily service fees for information technology, facilities and operational support provided to portfolio companies, and on a non-recurring basis, loan origination fees.
15. Equity-Based Compensation
The DigitalBridge Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Incentive Plan (the "Equity Incentive Plan") provides for the grant of restricted stock, performance stock units ("PSUs"), Long Term Incentive Plan ("LTIP") units, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), deferred stock units ("DSUs"), options, warrants or rights to purchase shares of the Company's common stock, cash incentives and other equity-based awards to the Company's officers, directors (including non-employee directors), employees, co-employees, consultants or advisors of the Company or of any parent or subsidiary who provides services to the Company, but excluding employees of portfolio companies. Shares reserved for the issuance of awards under the Equity Incentive Plan are subject to equitable adjustment upon the occurrence of certain corporate events, provided that this number automatically increases each January 1st by 2% of the outstanding number of shares of the Company’s class A common stock on the immediately preceding December 31st. At March 31, 2023, an aggregate 24.5 million shares of the Company's class A common stock were reserved for the issuance of awards under the Equity Incentive Plan.
Restricted StockRestricted stock awards in the Company's class A common stock are granted to senior executives, directors and certain employees, generally subject to a service condition only, with annual time-based vesting in equal tranches over a three-year period. Restricted stock is entitled to dividends declared and paid on the Company's class A common stock and such dividends are not forfeitable prior to vesting of the award. Restricted stock awards are valued based on the Company's class A common stock price on grant date and equity-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.
Restricted Stock UnitsRSUs in the Company's class A common stock are subject to a performance condition. Vesting of performance-based RSUs occur upon achievement of certain Company-specific metrics over a performance measurement period that coincides with the recipients' term of service. Only vested RSUs are entitled to accrued dividends declared and paid on the Company's class A common stock during the time period the RSUs are outstanding. Fair value of RSUs are based on the Company's class A common stock price on grant date. Equity-based compensation expense is recognized when it becomes probable that the performance condition will be met.
Performance Stock UnitsPSUs are granted to senior executives and certain employees, and are subject to both a service condition and a market condition. Following the end of the measurement period, the recipients of PSUs who remain employed will vest in, and be issued a number of shares of the Company's class A common stock, generally ranging from 0% to 200% of the number of PSUs granted and determined based upon the performance of the Company's class A common stock relative to that of a specified peer group over a three-year measurement period (such measurement metric the "total shareholder return"). In addition, recipients of PSUs whose employment is terminated after the first anniversary of their PSU grant are eligible to vest in a portion of the PSU award following the end of the measurement period based upon achievement of the total shareholder return metric applicable to the award. PSUs also contain dividend equivalent rights which entitle the recipients to a payment equal to the amount of dividends that would have been paid on the shares that are ultimately issued at the end of the measurement period.
Fair value of PSUs, including dividend equivalent rights, was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation under a risk-neutral premise, with the following assumptions:
2023 PSU Grants2022 PSU Grants2021 PSU Grants
Expected volatility of the Company's class A common stock (1)
41.3%32.4%35.4%
Expected annual dividend yield (2)
0.3%%%
Risk-free rate (per annum) (3)
3.8%2.0%0.3%
__________
(1)    Based upon the historical volatility of the Company's stock and those of a specified peer group.
(2)    Based upon the Company's expected annualized dividends. Expected dividend yield was zero for the March 2022 and 2021 PSU awards as common dividends were suspended beginning the second quarter of 2020 and reinstated in the third quarter 2022.
(3)    Based upon the continuously compounded zero-coupon U.S. Treasury yield for the term coinciding with the measurement period of the award as of valuation date.
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Fair value of PSU awards, excluding dividend equivalent rights, is recognized on a straight-line basis over their measurement period as compensation expense, and is not subject to reversal even if the market condition is not achieved. The dividend equivalent right is accounted for as a liability-classified award. The fair value of the dividend equivalent right is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the measurement period, and is subject to adjustment to fair value at each reporting period.
LTIP UnitsLTIP units are units in the Operating Company that are designated as profits interests for federal income tax purposes. Unvested LTIP units that are subject to market conditions do not accrue distributions. Each vested LTIP unit is convertible, at the election of the holder (subject to capital account limitation), into one common OP Unit and upon conversion, subject to the redemption terms of OP Units (Note 9).
LTIP units issued have either (1) a service condition only, valued based upon the Company's class A common stock price on grant date; or (2) both a service condition and a market condition based upon the Company's class A common stock achieving a target price over a predetermined measurement period, subject to continuous employment to the time of vesting, and valued using a Monte Carlo simulation.
The following assumptions were applied in the Monte Carlo model under a risk-neutral premise:
2022 LTIP Grant
2019 LTIP Grant (1)
Expected volatility of the Company's class A common stock (2)
34.0%28.3%
Expected dividend yield (3)
0.0%8.1%
Risk-free rate (per annum) (4)
3.6%1.8%
__________
(1)    Represents 2.5 million LTIP units granted to the Company's Chief Executive Officer, Marc Ganzi, in connection with the Company's acquisition of Digital Bridge Holdings, LLC in July 2019, with vesting based upon achievement of the Company's class A common stock price closing at or above $40 over any 90 consecutive trading days prior to the fifth anniversary of the grant date.
(2)    Based upon historical volatility of the Company's stock and those of a specified peer group.
(3)    Based upon the Company's most recently issued dividend prior to grant date and closing price of the Company's class A common stock on grant date. Expected dividend yield was zero for the June 2022 award as common dividends were suspended beginning the second quarter of 2020 and reinstated in the third quarter of 2022.
(4)    Based upon the continuously compounded zero-coupon US Treasury yield for the term coinciding with the measurement period of the award as of valuation date.
Equity-based compensation cost on LTIP units is recognized on a straight-line basis either over (1) the service period for awards with a service condition only; or (2) the derived service period for awards with both a service condition and a market condition, irrespective of whether the market condition is satisfied. The derived service period is a service period that is inferred from the application of the simulation technique used in the valuation of the award, and represents the median of the terms in the simulation in which the market condition is satisfied.
Deferred Stock UnitsCertain non-employee directors may elect to defer the receipt of annual base fees and/or restricted stock awards, and in lieu, receive awards of DSUs. DSUs awarded in lieu of annual base fees are fully vested on their grant date, while DSUs awarded in lieu of restricted stock awards vest one year from their grant date. DSUs are entitled to a dividend equivalent, in the form of additional DSUs based on dividends declared and paid on the Company's class A common stock, subject to the same restrictions and vesting conditions, where applicable. Upon separation of service from the Company, vested DSUs will be settled in shares of the Company’s class A common stock. Fair value of DSUs are determined based on the price of the Company's class A common stock on grant date and recognized immediately if fully vested upon grant, or on a straight-line basis over the vesting period as equity based compensation expense and equity.
Equity-based compensation cost pursuant to DBRG's Equity Incentive Plan is included in the following line items on the consolidated statement of operations.
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)
20232022
Compensation expense (including $0 and $37 expense related to dividend equivalent rights)
$10,770 $8,979 
Administrative expense228 88 
$10,998 $9,067 
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Changes in unvested equity awards pursuant to DBRG's Equity Incentive Plan are summarized below.
Weighted Average
Grant Date Fair Value
Restricted Stock
LTIP Units (1)
DSUs
RSUs (2)
PSUs (3)
TotalPSUsAll Other Awards
Unvested shares and units at December 31, 2022
1,706,674 2,625,000 20,058 2,397,391 1,889,587 8,638,710 $17.84 $10.84 
Granted1,865,483  6,457  397,262 2,269,202 13.36 11.75 
Vested(532,399) (6,439)(599,348)(635,926)(1,774,112)29.84 15.72 
Forfeited(822)   (424,065)(424,887)29.84 27.29 
Unvested shares and units at March 31, 2023
3,038,936 2,625,000 20,076 1,798,043 1,226,858 8,708,913 6.02 10.33 
__________
(1)    Represents the number of LTIP units granted subject to vesting upon achievement of market condition. LTIP units that do not meet the market condition within the measurement period will be forfeited.
(2)    Represents the number of RSUs granted subject to vesting upon achievement of performance condition. RSUs that do not meet the performance condition at the end of the measurement period will be forfeited.
(3)    Number of PSUs granted does not reflect potential increases or decreases that could result from the final outcome of the total shareholder return measured at the end of the performance period. PSUs for which the total shareholder return was not met at the end of the performance period are forfeited.
Fair value of equity awards that vested, as shown above, determined based upon their respective fair values at vesting date, was $20.9 million and $33.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
At March 31, 2023, aggregate unrecognized compensation cost for all unvested equity awards pursuant to DBRG's Equity Incentive Plan was $55.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.2 years. This excludes $18.8 million of unvested RSUs that are not currently probable of achieving their performance conditions and have a remaining performance measurement period of 1.1 years.
16. Transactions with Affiliates
Affiliates include (i) private funds and other investment vehicles that the Company manages or sponsors, and in which the Company may have an equity interest or co-invests with; (ii) the Company's investments in unconsolidated ventures; and (iii) directors, senior executives and employees of the Company (collectively, "employees").
Amounts due from and due to affiliates consist of the following:
(In thousands)March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Due from Affiliates
Investment vehicles, portfolio companies and unconsolidated ventures
Fee income$58,076 $35,010 
Cost reimbursements and recoverable expenses7,111 7,031 
Other964  
Employees and other affiliates1,134 3,319 
$67,285 $45,360 
Due to Affiliates (Note 7)
Investment vehicles—Derivative obligation$ $11,793 
Investment vehicles, employees and other affiliates 860 658 
$860 $12,451 
Significant transactions with affiliates include the following:
Fee Income—Fee income earned from investment vehicles that the Company manages and/or sponsors, and may have an equity interest or co-investment, are presented in Note 14. Substantially all fee income are from affiliates, except for management fees and incentive fee from sub-advisory accounts and generally, other fee income.
Cost Reimbursements and Recoverable Expenses—The Company receives reimbursements and recovers certain costs paid on behalf of investment vehicles sponsored by the Company, which include: (i) organization and offering costs related to the formation and capital raising of the investment vehicles up to specified thresholds; (ii) costs incurred in performing investment due diligence; and (iii) direct and indirect operating costs for managing the operations of certain investment vehicles.
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Such cost reimbursements and recoverable expenses, included in other income, totaled $1.3 million and $3.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Warehoused Investments—The Company may acquire and temporarily warehouse investments on behalf of prospective sponsored investment vehicles that are actively fundraising. The warehoused investments are transferred to the investment vehicle when sufficient third party capital, including debt, is raised. The Company is generally paid a fee by the investment vehicle, akin to an interest charge, typically calculated as a percentage of the acquisition price of the investment, to compensate the Company for its cost of holding the investment during the warehouse period. The terms of such arrangements may differ for each sponsored investment vehicle or by investment.
Derivative Obligations of Sponsored Fund—In the third quarter of 2022, the Company, in its capacity as general partner and for the benefit of its sponsored fund, entered into foreign currency forward contracts to economically hedge the foreign currency exposure of an investment commitment of its sponsored fund (Note 11). The investment committee of the sponsored fund has ratified the fund's responsibility and obligation to assume all resulting liabilities and benefits from the foreign currency contracts effective from trade date through the novation of the contracts to the fund. The Company recorded a payable in due to affiliates to reflect the fund's obligation to assume the resulting asset from the foreign currency contracts; accordingly, there was no net effect to the Company's earnings resulting from these foreign currency contracts. Upon the novation of the contracts to the fund in January 2023, the Company de-recognized the derivative asset and the corresponding payable in due to affiliate.
Digital Real Estate Acquisitions—Marc Ganzi, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Ben Jenkins, President and Chief Investment Officer of the Company, were former owners of Digital Bridge Holdings, LLC ("DBH") prior to its merger into the Company in July 2019. Messrs. Ganzi and Jenkins had retained their equity investments and general partner interests in the portfolio companies of DBH, which include DataBank and Vantage.
As a result of the personal investments made by Messrs. Ganzi and Jenkins in DataBank and Vantage SDC prior to the Company’s acquisition of DBH, additional investments made by the Company in DataBank and Vantage SDC subsequent to their initial acquisitions may trigger future carried interest payments to Messrs. Ganzi and Jenkins upon the occurrence of future realization events. Such investments made by the Company include ongoing payments for the build-out of expansion capacity, including lease-up of the expanded capacity and existing inventory, in Vantage SDC (Note 3) and the acquisition of additional interest in DataBank from an existing investor in January 2022 (Note 10).
Carried Interest Allocation from Sponsored Investment Vehicles—With respect to investment vehicles sponsored by the Company for which Messrs. Ganzi and Jenkins are invested in their capacity as former owners of DBH, and not in their capacity as employees of the Company, any carried interest entitlement attributed to such investments by Messrs. Ganzi and Jenkins as general partner are not subject to continuing vesting provisions and do not represent compensatory arrangements to the Company. Such carried interest allocation to Messrs. Ganzi and Jenkins that are unrealized or realized but unpaid are included in noncontrolling interests on the balance sheet, in the amount of $71.8 million at March 31, 2023 and $70.4 million at December 31, 2022. Carried interest allocated is recorded as net income attributable to noncontrolling interests totaling $2.2 million and $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additionally, in connection with the DataBank recapitalization (Note 10) in the second half of 2022, Messrs. Ganzi and Jenkins received realized carried interest in the form of equity interest in vehicles that invest in DataBank, of which $86.1 million in aggregate is not deemed a compensatory arrangement. Such equity interest represent noncontrolling interests in DataBank. A portion of such equity interest was sold by Messrs. Ganzi and Jenkins in connection with the recapitalization transaction.
Investment in Managed Investment Vehicles—Subject to the Company's related party policies and procedures, senior management, investment professionals and certain other employees may invest on a discretionary basis in investment vehicles sponsored by the Company, either directly in the vehicle or indirectly through the general partner entity. These investments are generally not subject to management fees, but otherwise bear their proportionate share of other operating expenses of the investment vehicles. Such investments in consolidated investment vehicles and general partner entities totaled $18.3 million at March 31, 2023 and $17.7 million at December 31, 2022, reflected in redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests on the balance sheet. Their share of net income (loss) was $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Such amounts are reflected in net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests and exclude their share of carried interest allocation, which is reflected in compensation expense (reversal)—carried interest.
Aircraft—Pursuant to Mr. Ganzi’s employment agreement, as amended, the Company has agreed to reimburse Mr. Ganzi for certain variable operational costs of business travel on a chartered or private jet (including any aircraft that Mr. Ganzi may partially or fully own), provided that the Company will not reimburse the allocable share (based on the number of passengers) of variable operational costs for any passenger on such flight who is not traveling on Company business. Additionally, the Company has also agreed to reimburse Mr. Ganzi for certain defined fixed costs of any aircraft owned by
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Mr. Ganzi. The fixed cost reimbursements will be made based on an allocable portion of an aircraft’s annual budgeted fixed cash operating costs, based on the number of hours the aircraft will be used for business purposes. At least once a year, the Company will reconcile the budgeted fixed operating costs with the actual fixed operating costs of the aircraft, and the Company or Mr. Ganzi, as applicable, will make a payment for any difference. The Company reimbursed Mr. Ganzi $1.8 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Advancement of Expenses—Effective April 1, 2021, Thomas J. Barrack stepped down as Executive Chairman of the Company and in July 2021, resigned as a member of the Company's Board of Directors. In October 2021, the Company entered into an Agreement Regarding Advancement of Certain Expenses ("Advancement Agreement") with Mr. Barrack, which is generally consistent with the Company’s obligations and Mr. Barrack’s rights regarding advancement of expenses under the terms of a January 2017 Indemnification Agreement between the Company and Mr. Barrack, and under the Company’s Bylaws. The Advancement Agreement (a) memorializes the parties’ disagreement as to the Company’s obligations and Mr. Barrack’s rights under the earlier Indemnification Agreement and the Company's Bylaws, and (b) obligates Mr. Barrack to reimburse the Company for such advanced expenses under certain circumstances. Pursuant to the Advancement Agreement, the Company expensed $0.3 million and $5.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $33.5 million since inception of the arrangement in 2021.
17. Commitments and Contingencies
Litigation
The Company may be involved in litigation in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2023, the Company was not involved in any legal proceedings that are expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial position or liquidity.
18. Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information
Cash paid for interest, net of amounts capitalized of $595 and $78
$53,375 $70,065 
Cash received (paid) for income taxes1,463 (328)
Operating lease payments15,246 15,650 
Finance lease payments3,961 3,916 
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flows from Discontinued Operations
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities of discontinued operations$95 $(5,488)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities of discontinued operations253,875 (86,387)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities of discontinued operations(28,956)(12,653)
Supplemental Disclosure of Noncash Investing and Financing Activities
Dividends and distributions payable$16,444 $15,759 
Improvements in operating real estate included in other liabilities39,351 9,910 
Receivables from asset sales2,282 14,009 
Operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities established11,693 1,498 
Contingent consideration for acquisition of InfraBridge10,874  
Preferred stock repurchase payable 52  
Exchange of notes into shares of Class A common stock 60,317 
Seller Note received in sale of NRF Holdco equity 154,992 
Redemption of OP Units for common stock 2 
Assets disposed in sale of equity of investment entities
 3,420,783 
Liabilities disposed in sale of equity of investment entities
 3,144,700 
Noncontrolling interests of investment entities sold or deconsolidated (1)
 215,777 
__________
(1)    Represents deconsolidation of noncontrolling interests upon sale of the Company's equity interests in investment entities (Note 2).
19. Subsequent Events
Other than as disclosed elsewhere, no subsequent events have occurred that would require recognition in the consolidated financial statements or disclosure in the accompanying notes.
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Some of the statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this "Quarterly Report") constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and we intend such statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions contained therein. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” or “potential” or the negative of these words and phrases or similar words or phrases which are predictions of or indicate future events or trends and which do not relate solely to historical matters. You can also identify forward-looking statements by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions.
The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report reflect our current views about future events and are subject to numerous known and unknown risks, uncertainties, assumptions and changes in circumstances that may cause our actual results to differ significantly from those expressed in any forward-looking statement. The following factors, among others, could cause actual results and future events to differ materially from those set forth or contemplated in the forward-looking statements:
our ability to grow our business by raising capital for our funds and the companies that we manage;
our position as an investor and investment manager of digital infrastructure and our ability to manage any related conflicts of interest;
adverse changes in general economic and political conditions, including those resulting from supply chain difficulties, inflation, interest rate increases, a potential economic slowdown or a recession;
our exposure to business risks in Europe, Asia and other foreign markets;
our ability to obtain and maintain financing arrangements, including securitizations, on favorable or comparable terms or at all;
the ability of our managed companies to attract and retain key customers and to provide reliable services without disruption;
the reliance of our managed companies on third-party suppliers for power, network connectivity and certain other services;
our ability to increase assets under management ("AUM") and expand our existing and new investment strategies;
our ability to integrate and maintain consistent standards and controls, including our ability to manage our acquisitions in the digital infrastructure and investment management industries effectively;
our business and investment strategy, including the ability of the businesses in which we have significant investments to execute their business strategies;
performance of our investments relative to our expectations and the impact on our actual return on invested equity, as well as the cash provided by these investments and available for distribution;
our ability to deploy capital into new investments consistent with our investment management strategies;
the availability of, and competition for, attractive investment opportunities and the earnings profile of such new investments;
our ability to achieve any of the anticipated benefits of certain joint ventures, including any ability for such ventures to create and/or distribute new investment products;
our expected hold period for our assets and the impact of any changes in our expectations on the carrying value of such assets;
the general volatility of the securities markets in which we participate;
the market value of our assets;
interest rate mismatches between our assets and any borrowings used to fund such assets;
effects of hedging instruments on our assets;
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the impact of economic conditions on third parties on which we rely;
the impact of any security incident or deficiency affecting our systems or network or the system and network of any of our managed companies or service providers;
any litigation and contractual claims against us and our affiliates, including potential settlement and litigation of such claims;
our levels of leverage;
the impact of legislative, regulatory and competitive changes, including those related to privacy and data protection;
the impact of our transition from a real estate investment trust ("REIT") to a taxable C corporation for tax purposes, and the related liability for corporate and other taxes;
whether we will be able to utilize existing tax attributes to offset taxable income to the extent contemplated;
our ability to maintain our exemption from registration as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”);
changes in our board of directors or management team, and availability of qualified personnel;
our ability to make or maintain distributions to our stockholders; and
our understanding of and ability to successfully navigate the competitive landscape in which we and our managed companies operate.
While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs, assumptions and expectations, they are not guarantees of future performance. Furthermore, we disclaim any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, of new information, data or methods, future events or other changes. Moreover, because we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, new risk factors are likely to emerge from time to time. We caution investors not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements and urge you to carefully review the disclosures we make concerning risks in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and in Part I, Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Quarterly Report. Readers of this Quarterly Report should also read our other periodic filings made with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") and other publicly filed documents for further discussion regarding such factors.
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto, which are included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report, as well as information contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which is accessible on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.
In this Quarterly Report, unless specifically stated otherwise or the context indicates otherwise, the terms " the "Company," "DBRG," "we," "our" and "us" refer to DigitalBridge Group, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to the “Operating Partnership,” our “Operating Company” and the “OP” refer to DigitalBridge Operating Company, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and the operating company of the Company, and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Our Organization
We are a leading global digital infrastructure investment manager, deploying and managing capital across the digital ecosystem, including data centers, cell towers, fiber networks, small cells, and edge infrastructure. Our diverse global investor base includes public and private pensions, sovereign wealth funds, asset managers, insurance companies, and endowments. At March 31, 2023, we had $69 billion of AUM, composed of assets managed on behalf of our limited partners and our shareholders.
We are headquartered in Boca Raton, Florida, with key offices in New York, Los Angeles, London, Luxembourg and Singapore, and have approximately 300 employees.
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We operate as a taxable C Corporation, except for certain subsidiaries in the Operating segment that have elected to be taxed as real estate investment trusts. We conduct substantially all of our activities and hold substantially all of our assets and liabilities through our Operating Company. At March 31, 2023, we owned 93% of the Operating Company as its sole managing member.
Our Business
The Company conducts its business through two reportable segments: (i) Investment Management; and (ii) Operating, the Company's direct co-investment in digital infrastructure assets held by its portfolio companies.
Investment Management—This segment represents the Company's global investment management platform, deploying and managing capital on behalf of a diverse base of global institutional investors. The Company's investment management platform is composed of a growing number of long-duration, private investment funds designed to provide institutional investors access to investments across different segments of the digital infrastructure ecosystem. In addition to its flagship value-add digital infrastructure equity offerings, the Company's investment offerings have expanded to include core equity, credit and liquid securities. The Company earns management fees based upon the assets or capital managed in investment vehicles, and may earn incentive fees and carried interest based upon the performance of such investment vehicles, subject to achievement of minimum return hurdles.
Operating—This segment is composed of balance sheet equity interests in digital infrastructure and real estate co-investment companies, which generally earn rental income from providing use of digital asset space and/or capacity through leases, services and other agreements. The Company currently owns interests in two companies: DataBank, an edge colocation data center business (DBRG ownership of 11% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022); and Vantage SDC, a stabilized hyperscale data center business (DBRG ownership of 13% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022). DataBank and Vantage SDC are portfolio companies managed by the Company under its Investment Management segment with respect to equity interests owned by third party capital.
Our Investment Management Platform
Our investment management platform is anchored by our value-add funds within the DigitalBridge Partners ("DBP") infrastructure equity offerings. In providing institutional investors access to investments across different segments of the digital infrastructure ecosystem, our investment offerings have expanded to include core equity, credit and liquid securities.
Our DBP series of funds focus on value-add digital infrastructure, investing in and building businesses across the digital infrastructure sector.
Core Equity invests in digital infrastructure businesses and assets with long-duration cash flow profiles, primarily in more developed geographies.
DigitalBridge Credit is our private credit strategy that delivers credit solutions to corporate borrowers in the digital infrastructure sector globally through credit financing products such as first and second lien term loans, mezzanine debt, preferred equity and construction/delay-draw loans, among other products.
Our Liquid Strategies are fundamental long-only and long-short public equities strategies with well-defined mandates, leveraging the network and intellectual capital of our platform to build liquid portfolios of high quality, undervalued businesses across digital infrastructure, real estate, and technology, media, and telecom.
InfraBridge is focused on mid-market investments in the digital infrastructure and related sectors of transportation and logistics, and energy transition.
Significant Developments
The following summarizes significant developments that affected our business and results of operations in the first quarter of 2023 and through the date of this filing.
Financing
$200 million of convertible senior notes was repaid upon maturity in April 2023 with cash on hand, which reduces our leverage and outstanding corporate debt to $378 million.
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Investment Management Segment
In February 2023, we completed our previously announced acquisition of InfraBridge for $313.2 million upfront cash consideration (net of cash assumed), subject to customary post-closing working capital adjustments, plus potential contingent payments based upon future fundraising for InfraBridge's third and fourth flagship funds under the Global Infrastructure Fund ("GIF") series. The acquisition comprises InfraBridge's investment management platform and fund sponsor investments.
The acquisition further scales our investment management business. InfraBridge’s global infrastructure equity platform will be a strategic fit alongside our value-add equity franchise, enhancing our capabilities in the mid-market segment. The acquisition added $5.1 billion in fee earning equity under management ("FEEUM"), comprising primarily GIF II and GIF I investment funds.
Other
Our investment in BrightSpire Capital, Inc. (NYSE: BRSP), which was our largest remaining non-digital investment, was fully disposed in the first quarter of 2023 for approximately $202 million in net proceeds.
A non-cash charge of $133 million in fair value write-down was recorded in 2023 on an unsecured promissory note from the 2022 sale of our Wellness Infrastructure business. This resulted from an impending foreclosure of certain assets within the Wellness Infrastructure portfolio by its mezzanine lender.
Assets Under Management and Fee Earning Equity Under Management
Below is a summary of our AUM and FEEUM.
TypeProductsDescriptionMarch 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Assets under Management (1)
$69.3$52.8
Fee Earning Equity under Management (2)    
Institutional FundsDBP infrastructure equity Earns management fees and potential for carried interest or incentive fees$11.2$11.2
InfraBridge Global Infrastructure Funds4.4
Core Equity, DigitalBridge Credit and Liquid Strategies2.22.0
Other Investment VehiclesDigitalBridge co-invest vehiclesEarns management fees, business service fees from portfolio companies, and potential for carried interest7.06.5
InfraBridge co-invest vehicles0.7
Digital infrastructure held by portfolio companies2.22.5
$27.7$22.2
__________
(1)    AUM is composed of (a) third party managed capital for which the Company and its affiliates provide investment management services, including assets for which the Company may or may not charge management fees and/or performance allocations; and (b) assets invested using the Company's own balance sheet capital and managed on behalf of the Company's shareholders. Third party AUM is based upon the cost basis of managed investments as reported by each underlying vehicle as of the reporting date and may include uncalled capital commitments. Balance sheet AUM is based upon the undepreciated carrying value of the Company's balance sheet investments as of the reporting date. The Company's calculation of AUM may differ from other investment managers, and as a result, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other investment managers.
(2)    FEEUM is equity for which the Company and its affiliates provide investment management services and derive management fees and/or incentives. FEEUM generally represents the basis used to derive fees, which may be based upon invested equity, stockholders’ equity, or fair value, pursuant to the terms of each underlying investment management agreement. The Company's calculation of FEEUM may differ from other investment managers, and as a result, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other investment managers.
FEEUM increased by $5.5 billion or 25% to $27.7 billion at March 31, 2023, reflecting the addition of $5.1 billion of InfraBridge FEEUM and new capital raised in co-investment structures.

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Results of Operations
The following table summarizes our consolidated results from continuing operations by reportable segment.
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022Change
Total revenues
Investment Management$6,829 $13,831 $(7,002)
Operating231,664 202,522 29,142 
Corporate and Other11,667 16,481 (4,814)
$250,160 $232,834 17,326 
Income (Loss) from continuing operations
Investment Management$(2,804)$(9,143)$6,339 
Operating(97,942)(74,141)(23,801)
Corporate and Other(177,380)(165,755)(11,625)
$(278,126)$(249,039)(29,087)
Income (Loss) from continuing operations attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Investment Management$(2,198)$(7,602)$5,404 
Operating(10,789)(12,824)2,035 
Corporate and Other(171,149)(144,771)(26,378)
$(184,136)$(165,197)(18,939)
Revenues
Total revenues increased 7% to $250.2 million.
Investment Management—Revenues were 51% lower at $6.8 million due to significant variability from unrealized carried interest. 2023 had a larger net reversal of unrealized carried interest (2023: $55.2 million and 2022: $31.1 million before management allocation), driven by DBP II. As DBP II is still in the early stage of its lifecycle, the carried interest reversal is a function of continuing accrual of preferred returns over time at a higher rate than fair value increases on its underlying investments in the first quarters of 2023 and 2022. Excluding gross unrealized carried interest, revenues would have been $62.1 million in 2023 and $44.9 million in 2022 or a 38% increase. Fee income was $16.3 million or 38% higher, attributable largely to two months of management fees from InfraBridge funds, and additional capital raises during 2022.
Supplemental performance measures of the Investment Management segment are presented under "—Non-GAAP Measures."
Operating—Revenues were higher in 2023, resulting from data center acquisitions and additional lease-up of expanded capacity in Vantage SDC during 2022.
Corporate and Other—Revenues represent largely our share of earnings from our general partner affiliate investments in the DBP and InfraBridge funds and income from warehoused investments, if any. Revenues were lower in 2023 as our warehoused credit investments were transferred to our new credit fund during the second half of 2022.
Income (Loss) from continuing operations attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
Income (Loss) from continuing operations attributable to DBRG was $184.1 million, a 11% increase in net loss.
Investment Management—Net loss attributable to DBRG was $2.2 million, a 71% decrease in net loss. The net loss in both periods resulted from a reversal of unrealized carried interest as noted above. Excluding DBRG's share of unrealized carried interest net of allocation to management and Wafra, there would have been positive net income attributable to DBRG of $14.4 million in 2023 and $2.1 million in 2022, a $12.3 million increase. This increase is contributed largely by two months of net income from InfraBridge and full attribution of net income to DBRG following the redemption of Wafra's 31.5% interest in Investment Management in May 2022.
Operating—The Operating segment generally records a net loss, taking into account the effects of real estate depreciation and intangible asset amortization. Our share of net loss reflects a 13% ownership in Vantage SDC and our interest in DataBank, which decreased from 22% as of March 2022 to 11% as of March 2023.
Corporate and Other—Net loss generally reflects corporate level costs that have not been allocated to our reportable segments, primarily interest expense on senior notes and compensation and administrative expenses. Also included are the effects of fair value changes on investments carried at fair value, including our share of
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earnings from our fund investments. The significant net loss in both periods, however, reflect large non-cash charges: (i) a $133 million fair value write-down in 2023 on an unsecured promissory note from the 2022 sale of our Wellness Infrastructure business; and (ii) a $133 million debt extinguishment loss in connection with an early exchange of our 5.75% exchangeable notes in 2022 (refer to Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements).
A more detailed discussion of key components of revenue and income (loss) from continuing operations follows.
 Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022Change
Revenues
Fee income$59,126 $42,837 $16,289 
Carried interest allocation (reversal)(54,756)(31,079)(23,677)
Principal investment income (loss)3,562 6,454 (2,892)
Property operating income230,927 202,511 28,416 
Other income11,301 12,111 (810)
Total revenues250,160 232,834 17,326 
Expenses
Property operating expense97,126 84,003 13,123 
Interest expense67,196 44,030 23,166 
Investment expense5,751 9,565 (3,814)
Transaction-related costs8,527 165 8,362 
Depreciation and amortization141,574 128,567 13,007 
Compensation expense—cash and equity-based74,650 65,542 9,108 
Compensation expense (reversal)—incentive fee and carried interest(36,831)(20,352)(16,479)
Administrative expenses26,506 27,885 (1,379)
Total expenses384,499 339,405 45,094 
Other gain (loss), net(142,745)(149,881)7,136 
Income (Loss) before income taxes(277,084)(256,452)(20,632)
Income tax benefit (expense)(1,042)7,413 (8,455)
Income (Loss) from continuing operations(278,126)(249,039)(29,087)
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations (14,218)(94,645)80,427 
Net income (loss)(292,344)(343,684)51,340 
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Redeemable noncontrolling interests6,943 (11,220)18,163 
Investment entities(84,828)(63,045)(21,783)
Operating Company(16,662)(22,862)6,200 
Net income (loss) attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.(197,797)(246,557)48,760 
Preferred stock dividends14,676 15,759 (1,083)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders$(212,473)$(262,316)49,843 


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Fee Income
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022Change
Management fees
$57,158 $42,191 $14,967 
Incentive fees
869 — 869 
Other fee income
1,099 646 453 
$59,126 $42,837 16,289 
Fee income was $16.3 million or 38% higher in 2023, primarily driven by two months of management fees from InfraBridge and management fees from capital raised during 2022, including the DataBank recapitalization and our new core equity fund. Additionally, there were incentive fees earned in 2023 from a sub-advisory account in Liquid Strategies.
Carried Interest Allocation (Reversal)
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022Change
Carried interest allocation (reversal)
Realized$476 $— $476 
Unrealized(55,232)(31,079)(24,153)
$(54,756)$(31,079)(23,677)
Carried interest allocation (reversal) represents gross carried interest from our general partner interests in sponsored investment vehicles prior to allocations to management and Wafra. There was a higher net reversal of unrealized carried interest in 2023 compared to 2022, driven by DBP II. As DBP II is still in the early stage of its lifecycle, the carried interest reversal is a function of continuing accrual of preferred returns over time at a higher rate than fair value increases on its underlying investments in the first quarter of 2023 and 2022. Unrealized carried interest is subject to adjustments each period, including reversals, based upon the cumulative performance of the underlying investments of these vehicles that are measured at fair value, until such time as the carried interest is realized.
Our share of net carried interest reversal after allocations to management and Wafra was $16.6 million in 2023 and $9.7 million in 2022.
Principal Investment Income (Loss)
Principal investment income decreased $2.9 million to $3.6 million in 2023. This was driven by lower earnings from our equity interests in DBP I and DBP II, with the earnings representing unrealized fair value increases on the investments of these funds.
Property Operating Income and Expense
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022Change
Property operating income
Operating segment
Lease income$210,402 $184,171 $26,231 
Data center service revenue20,525 18,340 2,185 
230,927 202,511 28,416 
Property operating expense
Operating segment$97,126 $84,003 $13,123 
Operating Segment
Property operating income and expense are higher in 2023, reflecting operating results from additional acquisitions throughout 2022. These include DataBank's acquisition of four data centers in March 2022, and within the Vantage SDC portfolio, additional lease-up of expanded capacity and existing inventory throughout 2022.
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At March 31, 2023, the Operating segment portfolio includes 74 data centers in the U.S., three in Canada, one in the U.K., and five in France.
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Operating segment
Number of data centers
Owned3535
Leasehold (1)
4849
8384
(In thousands, except %)
Max Critical I.T. Square Feet or Total Rentable Square Feet
2,4052,405
Leased Square Feet
1,9131,888
% Utilization Rate (% Leased)
80%78%
__________
(1)    Lease expired and not renewed in the first quarter of 2023.
On a same store basis, property operating income and expense also increased in 2023, driven by the Vantage SDC portfolio, attributable to increase in leased square footage from lease-up of expanded capacity and existing inventory.
Other Income
Other income was $0.8 million lower at $11.3 million in 2023. 2022 had included interest income from warehoused credit investments that were transferred to our new credit fund during the second half of 2022, while there was higher dividend income and interest income from money market deposits in 2023.
Interest Expense
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022Change
Interest expense
Corporate debt$7,790 $8,306 (516)
Non-recourse investment-level debt59,406 35,724 23,682 
$67,196 $44,030 23,166 
Corporate Debt—Interest expense decreased $0.5 million in 2023, driven by the early exchange of our 5.75% exchangeable notes in March 2022 which resulted in the extinguishment of higher cost corporate debt.
Non-Recourse Investment-Level Debt—The increase of $23.7 million was driven primarily by: (i) write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs on DataBank's refinanced debt; (ii) higher outstanding debt balance attributed to financing for new acquisitions in 2022; (iii) higher rates in 2023 on Vantage SDC's new securitization and on DataBank's variable rate debt.
Investment Expense
Investment expense decreased $3.8 million to $5.8 million in 2023. The decrease is attributable largely to higher compensatory expense recognized in the first quarter of 2022 in connection with the management team of Vantage Data Centers Holdings, LLC ("Vantage") who performs the day-to-day operations of Vantage SDC and higher costs in 2022 in connection with transition services for DataBank's acquisition of zColo.
Transaction-Related Costs
Transaction-related costs was $8.5 million in 2023 and $0.2 million in 2022, with the increase driven by the acquisition of InfraBridge.
Depreciation and Amortization
Increase in depreciation and amortization can be attributed to intangible assets acquired through the InfraBridge acquisition in February 2023 and DataBank's four new data centers acquired in March 2022.
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Compensation Expense
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022Change
Cash and equity-based compensation
Cash compensation and benefits$36,701 $36,607 $94 
Equity-based compensation10,770 8,979 1,791 
47,471 45,586 1,885 
Operating segment
Cash and equity-based compensation
27,179 19,956 7,223 
$74,650 $65,542 9,108 
Incentive and carried interest compensation (reversal)$(36,831)$(20,352)$(16,479)
Cash and equity-based compensation—Compensation expense, excluding the Operating segment, increased $1.9 million to $47.5 million in 2023. Equity-based compensation expense was higher in 2023, attributed to shortened vesting periods for previously modified awards and a performance-based award that met its target in 2023. These increases were partially offset by profits interests that fully vested in 2022. In terms of cash compensation, the additional expense attributed to InfraBridge was mostly offset by lower severance costs and bonus accrual in 2023.
Higher compensation expense in the Operating segment is attributed to new stock awards and higher headcount at DataBank.
Incentive and carried interest compensation (reversal)—Consistent with the reversal in carried interest (as discussed in "—Carried Interest Allocation (Reversal)" above), there was also a larger reversal in the associated compensation expense, driven by DBP II.
Administrative Expenses
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022Change
Administrative expenses$19,266 $20,986 $(1,720)
Administrative expensesOperating segment
7,240 6,899 341 
$26,506 $27,885 (1,379)
Excluding the Operating segment, administrative expenses decreased $1.7 million to $19.3 million in 2023, driven by lower legal costs. Administrative expenses in the Operating segment were largely consistent year-over-year.
Other Gain (Loss), Net
Other loss was $142.7 million in 2023 compared to $149.9 million in 2022.
Other loss in 2023 was driven by decreases in investment values, primarily $133.3 million on an unsecured promissory note from the 2022 sale of our Wellness Infrastructure business, taking into consideration an impending foreclosure of certain assets within the Wellness Infrastructure portfolio by its mezzanine lender.
In 2022, the losses were driven by a non-cash debt extinguishment loss of $133.2 million in connection with an early exchange of our 5.75% exchangeable notes (refer to Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements), and fair value decrease in previously warehoused loans and in marketable equity securities held by our consolidated liquid funds, net of offsetting fair value changes on short positions.
Income Tax Benefit (Expense)
There was an income tax expense of $1.0 million in 2023 and an income tax benefit of $7.4 million in 2022.
Income tax expense in 2023 generally reflects the income tax effect of foreign subsidiaries. The Company has established a full valuation allowance on deferred tax assets of its taxable U.S. entities, resulting in no U.S. income tax provision in 2023.
Income tax benefit in 2022 can be attributed primarily to deferred tax benefit on net operating losses of a subsidiary. A valuation allowance was subsequently established against this deferred tax asset in the fourth quarter of 2022.
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Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022Change
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations$(14,218)$(94,645)$80,427 
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests:
Investment entities517 (6,175)6,692 
Operating Company(1,074)(7,110)6,036 
Income (Loss) from discontinued operations attributable to DigitalBridge Group, Inc.$(13,661)$(81,360)67,699 
Loss from discontinued operations in 2023 reflect largely the $9.7 million impairment of BRSP shares prior to disposition in March 2023.
Loss from discontinued operations in 2022 was driven by the disposition of the Wellness Infrastructure business in February 2022, specifically, a $92.1 million write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs on the Wellness Infrastructure debt assumed by the buyer, impairment loss based upon final carrying value of the Wellness Infrastructure net assets upon disposition.
Non-GAAP Supplemental Financial Measures
We report Distributable Earnings, Adjusted Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”) and, specific to our Investment Management segment, Fee Related Earnings (“FRE”) as non-GAAP financial measures attributable to the Operating Company.
We use these non-GAAP financial measures in evaluating the Company’s business performance and in making operating decisions. As we evaluate profitability based upon continuing operations, these non-GAAP measures exclude results from discontinued operations.
These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered alternatives to GAAP net income or loss as indicators of operating performance, or to cash flows from operating activities as measures of liquidity, nor as indicators of the availability of funds for our cash needs, including funds available to make distributions. Our calculation of these non-GAAP measures may differ from methodologies utilized by other companies for similarly titled performance measures and, as a result, may not be directly comparable to those calculated by other companies in similar lines of business.
Results of our non-GAAP measures attributable to the Operating Company were as follows:
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Attributable to Operating Company:
Distributable Earnings$(3,365)$(5,064)
Adjusted EBITDA25,626 20,494 
Investment Management FRE34,512 16,989 
Distributable Earnings
Distributable Earnings is an after-tax measure that differs from GAAP net income or loss from continuing operations as a result of the following adjustments, including adjustment for our share of similar items recognized by our equity method investments, where applicable: transaction-related costs; restructuring charges (primarily severance and retention costs); realized and unrealized gains or losses, except realized gains or losses related to digital assets, including fund investments, in Corporate and Other; depreciation, amortization and impairment charges; interest expense on finance leases; debt prepayment penalties and amortization of deferred financing costs, debt premiums and discounts; our share of unrealized carried interest allocation, net of associated compensation expense; equity-based compensation costs; effect of straight-line lease income and expense; impairment of equity investments directly attributable to decrease in value of depreciable real estate held by the investee; non-revenue enhancing capital expenditures necessary to maintain operating real estate; and income tax effect on certain of the foregoing adjustments. Income taxes included in DE reflect the benefit of deductions arising from certain expenses that are excluded from the calculation of DE, such as equity-based compensation, as these deductions do decrease actual income tax paid or payable by the Company in any one period.
We believe that DE is a meaningful supplemental measure as it reflects the ongoing operating performance of our core business by generally excluding items that are non-core in nature, and allows for our operating results to be more comparable period-over-period and relative to other companies in similar lines of business.
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Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA represents DE adjusted to exclude the following items attributable to the Operating Company: interest expense as included in DE, income tax benefit or expense as included in DE, preferred stock dividends, principal investment income or loss as included in DE, placement fee expense, our share of incentive fees and realized carried interest allocation or reversal net of associated compensation expense or reversal, certain investment costs for capital raising that are not reimbursable by our sponsored funds, and capital expenditures as deducted in DE.
We believe that Adjusted EBITDA is a meaningful supplemental measure of performance because it presents the Company’s operating performance independent of its capital structure, leverage and non-cash items, which allows for better comparability against entities with different capital structures and income tax rates. However, because Adjusted EBITDA is calculated without the effects of certain recurring cash charges, including interest expense, taxes, capital expenditures or other recurring cash requirements, its usefulness as a performance measure may be limited.
Distributable Earnings and Adjusted EBITDA Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders$(212,473)$(262,316)
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in Operating Company(16,662)(22,862)
Net income (loss) attributable to Operating Company(229,135)(285,178)
Transaction-related and restructuring charges18,391 24,668 
Other (gain) loss, net (excluding realized gain or loss related to digital assets and fund investments in Corporate and Other)141,229 130,224 
Unrealized carried interest (allocation) reversal, net of associated compensation (expense) reversal18,240 13,078 
Equity-based compensation expense16,339 18,720 
Depreciation and amortization141,220 130,597 
Straight-line rent (revenue) and expense, net(1,727)(2,548)
Amortization of acquired above-market and (below-market) leases, net26 (248)
Impairment loss— 23,802 
Non-revenue enhancing capital expenditures(8,564)(1,372)
Finance lease interest expense, debt prepayment penalties and amortization of deferred financing costs, debt premiums and discounts15,523 98,465 
Income tax effect on certain of the foregoing adjustments— (589)
Adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests in investment entities (1)
(118,563)(132,237)
DE of discontinued operations (2)
3,656 (22,446)
Distributable Earnings, after tax—attributable to Operating Company
(3,365)(5,064)
Adjustments attributable to Operating Company:
Interest expense included in DE12,549 13,280 
Income tax (benefit) expense included in DE1,092 (6,849)
Preferred stock dividends14,676 15,759 
Principal investment (income) loss included in DE(277)(58)
Realized carried interest (allocation) reversal, net of associated compensation (expense) reversal(243)1,172 
Non-revenue enhancing capital expenditures deducted from DE1,194 2,023 
Non pro-rata allocation of (income) loss to noncontrolling interests— 231 
Adjusted EBITDA—attributable to Operating Company
$25,626 $20,494 
__________
(1)    Noncontrolling interests' share of adjustments pertain largely to depreciation and amortization; interest expense on finance leases, debt prepayment penalties and amortization of deferred financing costs, debt premiums and discounts; unrealized carried interest (allocation) reversal, net of associated compensation (expense) reversal; and non-revenue enhancing capital expenditures.
(2)    Equity method earnings (loss) from BRSP, which qualified as discontinued operations in March 2023, is included in DE of discontinued operations for all periods presented.
Investment Management FRE
Investment Management FRE is calculated as recurring fee income and other income inclusive of cost reimbursements associated with administrative expenses, and net of compensation expense (excluding equity-based compensation, and incentive and carried interest compensation expense or reversal) and administrative expense (excluding placement fees and straight-line rent expense). Investment Management FRE is used to assess the extent to
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which direct base compensation and operating expenses are covered by recurring fee revenues in the investment management business. We believe that Investment Management FRE is a useful supplemental performance measure because it may provide additional insight into the profitability of the overall investment management business.
Investment Management FRE is measured as Adjusted EBITDA for the Investment Management segment, adjusted to reflect the Company’s Investment Management segment as a stabilized business by excluding FRE associated with new investment strategies that have 1) not yet held a first close raising FEEUM; or 2) not yet achieved break-even Adjusted EBITDA only for investment products that may be terminated solely at the Company’s discretion, collectively referred to as “Start-up FRE.” The Company evaluates new investment strategies on a regular basis and excludes Start-Up FRE from Investment Management FRE until such time a new strategy is determined to form part of the Company’s core investment management business.
Investment Management FRE Reconciliation
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Net income (loss)—Investment Management
$(2,804)$(9,143)
Interest expense, net of interest income2,411 2,500 
Investment expense, net of reimbursement51 138 
Depreciation and amortization6,409 5,276 
Equity-based compensation3,898 3,191 
Incentive fee and carried interest (allocation) reversal, net of associated compensation (expense) reversal17,056 10,767 
Straight-line rent expense77 159 
Transaction-related and restructuring charges9,682 3,942 
Principal investment (income) loss(318)(17)
Other (gain) loss, net(3,082)3,055 
Income tax (benefit) expense217 2,374 
Investment Management Adjusted EBITDA
33,597 22,242 
Start-up FRE915 2,362 
Investment Management FRE
34,512 24,604 
Attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (1)
— (7,615)
Investment Management FRE—attributable to Operating Company
$34,512 $16,989 
__________
(1)    Wafra's interest in the investment management business was redeemed in May 2022.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We regularly evaluate our liquidity position, debt obligations, and anticipated cash needs to fund our business and operations based upon our projected financial performance. Our evaluation of future liquidity requirements is regularly reviewed and updated for changes in internal projections, economic conditions, competitive landscape and other factors as applicable.
Liquidity Needs and Sources of Liquidity
Our primary liquidity needs are to fund:
acquisitions of target investment management businesses;
our general partner and co-investment commitments to our investment vehicles;
warehouse investments pending the raising of third party capital for future investment vehicles;
principal and interest payments on our debt;
our operations, including compensation, administrative and overhead costs;
obligation for lease payments, principally leasehold data centers and corporate offices;
our liability for corporate and other taxes;
development, construction and capital expenditures on our operating real estate; and
dividends to our preferred and common stockholders.
Our primary sources of liquidity are:
cash on hand;
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fees received from our investment management business, including the Company's share of realized net incentive fees or carried interest;
cash flow generated from our investments, both from operations and return of capital;
availability under our Variable Funding Notes ("VFN");
issuance of additional term notes under our corporate securitization;
third party co-investors in our consolidated investments and/or businesses;
proceeds from full or partial realization of investments;
investment-level financing; and
proceeds from public or private equity and debt offerings.
Overview
At March 31, 2023, our liquidity position was approximately $749 million, composed of corporate unrestricted cash and including the full $300 million availability under our VFN. In April 2023, our liquidity position decreased by $200 million following the repayment of our convertible notes upon maturity, which further deleveraged our balance sheet.
We believe we have sufficient cash on hand, and anticipated cash generated from operating activities and external financing sources, to meet our short term and long term capital requirements.
While we have sufficient liquidity to meet our operational needs, we continue to evaluate alternatives to manage our capital structure and market opportunities to strengthen our liquidity and to provide further operational and strategic flexibility.
Significant Liquidity and Capital Activities in 2023
Sources of Funds
$202 million in net proceeds from full disposition of our BRSP shares in the first quarter of 2023.
Uses of Funds
Acquisition of InfraBridge in February 2023 for $313 million, net of cash assumed
$200 million repayment of our convertible senior notes upon maturity in April 2023
$90 million contingent earnout payment to Wafra in March 2023.
Liquidity Needs and Capital Activities
Stock Repurchases
In July 2022, our Board of Directors authorized a $200 million stock repurchase program which expires in June 2023, but may be extended, modified, or discontinued at any time by our Board of Directors. In 2023 through April, $4.7 million of preferred stock was repurchased. $87.7 million repurchase capacity remains available under the program.
Dividends
Common Stock—The payment of common stock dividends and determination of the amount thereof is at the discretion of our Board of Directors. The Company reinstated quarterly common stock dividends at $0.01 per share beginning the third quarter of 2022, having previously suspended common stock dividends from the second quarter of 2020 through the second quarter of 2022. A dividend of $0.01 per share of common stock was declared in February 2023 and paid in April 2023.
Preferred Stock—Following additional preferred stock repurchases in April 2023, we have outstanding preferred stock totaling $822 million, bearing a weighted average dividend rate of 7.135% per annum, with aggregate dividend payments of $14.7 million per quarter.
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Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies
Debt Obligation
As of the date of this filing, our corporate debt is composed of a securitized financing facility and exchangeable senior notes issued by the OP, all of which are recourse to the Company, as described in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements. $200 million of convertible senior notes were fully repaid upon maturity in April 2023.
($ in thousands)Outstanding PrincipalInterest Rate
(Per Annum)
Maturity or Anticipated Repayment Date
Corporate debt:
Securitized financing facility—fixed rate
$300,000 3.93 %September 2026
Exchangeable senior notes—fixed rate
78,422 5.75 July 2025
$378,422 
Investment-level secured debt is non-recourse to DBRG and serviced through operating and/or investing cash generated by the respective borrower subsidiaries in the Operating segment and by our consolidated fund. Corporate-level cash is not applied to service investment-level debt.
Investment Commitments
Fund Commitments—As general partner, we typically have minimum capital commitments to our sponsored funds. With respect to our flagship value-add funds, DBP I and DBP II, and InfraBridge GIF I and GIF II funds, we have made additional capital commitments as a general partner affiliate alongside our limited partner investors. Our fund capital investments further align our interests to our investors. As of March 31, 2023, we have unfunded commitments totaling $126 million to our sponsored funds. Generally, the timing for funding of these commitments is not known and the commitments are callable on demand at any time prior to their respective expirations.
Contingent Consideration
Wafra Redemption—In connection with the May 2022 redemption of Wafra's interest in our investment management business, additional contingent consideration is payable based upon future capital raise thresholds, with up to 50% payable in shares of our class A common stock at our election. Depending upon cumulative capital raised through 2023, up to $35 million of the remaining contingent consideration may become payable in March 2024.
InfraBridge Acquisition—In connection with the InfraBridge acquisition in February 2023, additional contingent consideration of up to $129 million may become payable based upon achievement of future fundraising targets for InfraBridge's third and fourth flagship funds.
Warehoused Investments
We temporarily warehouse investments on behalf of prospective sponsored investment vehicles that are actively fundraising. The warehoused investments are transferred to the investment vehicle when sufficient third party capital, including debt, is raised. Generally, the timing of future warehousing activities is not known. Nevertheless, investment warehousing is undertaken only if we determine that there will be sufficient liquidity through the anticipated warehousing period.
At March 31, 2023, we had $38 million of warehoused equity investments.
Carried Interest Clawback
Depending on the final realized value of all investments at the end of the life of a fund (and, with respect to certain funds, periodically during the life of the fund), if it is determined that cumulative carried interest distributions have exceeded the final carried interest amount earned (or amount earned as of the calculation date), we are obligated to return the excess carried interest received. Therefore, carried interest distributions may be subject to clawback if decline in investment values results in cumulative performance of the fund falling below minimum return hurdles in the interim period. If it is determined that the Company has a clawback obligation, a liability would be established based upon a hypothetical liquidation of the net assets of the fund at reporting date. The actual determination and required payment of any clawback obligation would generally occur after final disposition of the investments of the fund or otherwise as set forth in the governing documents of the fund.
If the related carried interest distributions received by the Company are subject to clawback, the previously distributed carried interest would be similarly subject to clawback from employees. The Company generally withholds a portion of the distribution of carried interest to employees to satisfy their potential clawback obligation.
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At March 31, 2023, the Company has no liability for clawback obligations on distributed carried interest.
Lease Obligations
At March 31, 2023, we had $39.5 million of operating lease obligations on our corporate offices, which are funded through corporate operating cash. The lease obligation amount represents fixed lease payments, excluding any contingent or other variable lease payments, and factor in lease renewal or termination options only if it is reasonably certain that such options would be exercised.
Separately, finance and operating lease obligations on leasehold data centers in the Operating segment are satisfied through operating cash generated by the respective investment properties.
Sources of Liquidity
Debt Funding
As of the date of this filing, we have $378 million of outstanding principal on our corporate debt, as discussed under "—Debt Obligation."
Our securitized financing facility is subject to various covenants, including financial covenants that require the maintenance of minimum thresholds for debt service coverage ratio and maximum loan-to-value ratio, as defined. As of the date of this filing, we are in compliance with all of the financial covenants, and the full $300 million is available to be drawn on our VFN.
Our securitized financing facility allows for the issuance of additional term notes in the future to supplement our liquidity. The decision to enter into a particular financing arrangement is made after consideration of various factors including future cash needs, current sources of liquidity, demand for the Company’s debt or equity, and prevailing interest rates.
Cash From Operations
Fee-Related Earnings—We generate FRE from our Investment Management segment, generally encompassing recurring fee income net of associated compensation and administrative expenses. Following the redemption of Wafra's 31.5% interest in our investment management business in May 2022, 100% of Investment Management FRE is attributable to us. Management fee income is generally a predictable and stable revenue stream. Our ability to generate new management fee streams through establishing new investment vehicles and raising investor capital depends on general market conditions and availability of attractive investment opportunities as well as availability of debt capital.
Incentive Fees—Incentive fees, net of employee allocations, are earned based upon the financial performance of a vehicle above a specified return threshold, which is largely driven by appreciation in value of underlying investments. Incentive fees are recognized as fee income when they are no longer probable of significant reversal. As investment fair values and changes thereof could be affected by various factors, including market and economic conditions, incentive fees are by nature less predictable in amount and timing.
Carried Interest Distributions—Carried interest is distributed generally upon profitable disposition of an investment if at the time of distribution, cumulative returns of the fund exceed minimum return hurdles. Carried interest distributions are recognized in earnings net of clawback obligations, if any. The amount and timing of carried interest distributions received may vary substantially from period to period depending upon the occurrence and size of investments realized by our sponsored funds.
Investments—Our investments generate cash through income distributions and return of our invested capital.
Asset Monetization
We periodically monetize our investments through opportunistic asset sales or to recycle capital from non-core assets. In the first quarter of 2023, our BRSP shares were fully disposed for net proceeds of $202 million.
We have other marketable equity securities that are available for future monetization, valued at approximately $17 million at March 31, 2023.
Public Offerings
We may offer and sell various types of securities from time to time at our discretion based upon our needs and depending upon market conditions and available pricing.
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Consolidated Cash Flows
The following table summarizes the activities from our consolidated statements of cash flows, including discontinued operations.
Three Months Ended March 31,
(In thousands)20232022
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—beginning of period
$1,036,739 $1,766,245 
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities20,185 1,257 
Investing activities(258,870)(1,102,149)
Financing activities26,786 559,318 
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(626)(651)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash—end of period
$824,214 $1,224,020 
Operating Activities
Cash inflows from operating activities are generated primarily through fee income, including incentive fees, and distributions of our share of net carried interest from our investment management business, property operating income from our real estate investments, interest received from loans receivable during the warehousing period, and distributions of earnings received from equity investments. This is partially offset by payment of operating expenses, including property management and operations, investment transaction-related costs, as well as compensation and general administrative costs.
Our operating activities generated net cash inflows of $20.2 million in 2023 and $1.3 million in 2022.
Investing Activities
Investing activities include primarily cash outlays for business combination, acquisition of real estate, origination or acquisition of warehoused loans and disbursement on subsequent drawdowns, and new equity investments and subsequent contributions. These are partially offset by repayments, sales and transfers of warehoused loans receivable, distributions of capital received from equity investments, and proceeds from sale of real estate and equity investments.
Our investing activities generated net cash outflows of $258.9 million in 2023, attributed primarily to a business combination, partially offset by the sale of equity investments, and $1.1 billion in 2022, driven by real estate acquisitions in the Operating segment.
Business combination—In 2023, we paid $313.2 million (net of cash assumed) for the acquisition of InfraBridge.
Equity investments—Our equity investments generated net cash inflows in both years.
In 2023, our equity investments recorded net cash inflows of $219.5 million, attributed primarily to $201.6 million from the sale of our BRSP shares. Other activities pertain to the acquisitions and dispositions of marketable equity securities by our consolidated liquid funds, and return of capital from a non-digital equity investment following a final sale of its underlying assets.
2022 saw net cash inflows of $8.7 million, largely representing the trading activities in marketable equity securities by our consolidated liquid funds.
Real estate investments—Real estate investing activities generated net cash outflows in both years.
Net cash outflows in 2023 was $162.9 million, attributed to capital expenditures in our data center portfolio, including payments for build-out of expansion capacity and lease-up within the Vantage SDC portfolio.
2022 saw net cash outflows of $739.4 million, attributed to the acquisition of DataBank's acquisition of five data centers, data center capital expenditures, and payments for build-out of expansion capacity and lease-up within the Vantage SDC portfolio. All of these outflows were partially offset by proceeds received from our Wellness Infrastructure sale.
Debt investments—Our debt investments generated net cash outflows in 2022, while there were no cash activities in 2023.
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In 2022, net cash outflows of $164.1 million were driven by origination and acquisition of loans that were warehoused for future investment vehicles, partially offset by a loan syndication. These warehoused loans were subsequently transferred to our sponsored credit fund and to a third party sponsored collateralized loan obligation ("CLO") in the second half of 2022.
Financing Activities
We may draw upon our securitized financing facility to finance our operating activities, as well as have the ability to raise capital in the public markets through issuances of preferred stock, common stock and private placement notes. Accordingly, we incur cash outlays primarily for payments on our corporate debt, and dividends to our preferred stockholders and common stockholders (common dividends were reinstated beginning the third quarter of 2022). Separately, subsidiaries in the Operating segment finance their investing activities largely through investment-level secured debt and incur cash outlays for debt servicing and distributions to their third party investors who represent noncontrolling interests.
Financing activities generated net cash inflows in both years.
In 2023, the net cash inflows of $26.8 million represent largely additional investment-level debt raised by subsidiaries in the Operating segment through their refinancing activities, partially offset by a $90.0 million contingent consideration payment to Wafra.
The financing net cash inflows of $559.3 million in 2022 were driven by financing for the acquisition of the DataBank data center acquisition through a term loan and capital contributions from noncontrolling interests. Other investment-level financing included amounts drawn on warehouse facilities to finance acquisition of loans that were intended to be securitized. In the third quarter of 2022, these loans were transferred into a third party CLO and the corresponding warehouse facilities were repaid.
Guarantees and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no guarantees or off-balance sheet arrangements that we believe are reasonable likely to have a material effect on our financial condition.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires the use of estimates and
assumptions that involve the exercise of judgment and that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Our critical accounting policies and estimates are integral to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results as they require subjective or complex management judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and unpredictable.
There have been no changes to our critical accounting policies or those of our unconsolidated joint ventures since the filing of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
With respect to all critical estimates, we have established policies and control procedures which seek to ensure that estimates and assumptions are appropriately governed and applied consistently from period to period. We believe that all of the decisions and assessments applied were reasonable at the time made, based upon information available to us at that time. Due to the inherently judgmental nature of the various projections and assumptions used, and unpredictability of economic and market conditions, actual results may differ from estimates, and changes in estimates and assumptions could have a material effect on our financial statements in the future.
Recent Accounting Updates
The effects of accounting standards adopted in 2023 and the potential effects of accounting standards to be adopted in the future are described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk represents the risk of financial loss from adverse movement in market prices. The primary sources of market risk are interest rates, foreign currency rates, equity prices and commodity prices.
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Our business is exposed primarily to the effect of market risk on our fee income and net carried interest allocation, foreign currency risk on non-U.S. investment management business and foreign denominated warehoused investments (if any), interest rate risk on our VFN and other variable rate debt financing warehoused investments (if any), and, equity price risk on marketable equity securities of consolidated funds.
Separately, the Operating segment is exposed to interest rate risk on variable rate debt, foreign currency risk on its non-U.S. business and commodity price risk.
Market Risk Effect on Fee Income and Net Carried Interest Allocation
Management Fees—To the extent management fees are based upon fair value of the underlying investments of our managed investment vehicles, an increase or decrease in fair value will directly affect our management fee income. Generally, our management fee income is calculated based upon investors' committed capital during the commitment period of the vehicle, and thereafter, contributed or invested capital during the investing and liquidating periods. To a lesser extent, management fees are based upon the net asset value of vehicles in our Liquid Strategies, measured at fair value. At March 31, 2023, our Liquid Strategies make up 4% of our $28 billion FEEUM. Accordingly, most of our management fee income will not be directly affected by changes in investment fair values.
Incentive Fees and Carried Interest—Incentive fees and carried interest, net of management allocations, are earned based upon the financial performance of a vehicle above a specified return threshold, which is largely driven by appreciation in value of underlying investments. Carried interest is subject to reversal until such time it is realized, which generally occurs upon disposition of all underlying investments of an investment vehicle, or in part with each disposition. The extent of the effect of fair value changes to the amount of incentive fees and carried interest earned will depend upon the cumulative performance of an investment vehicle relative to its return threshold, the performance measurement period used to calculate incentives and carried interest, and the stage of the vehicle's lifecycle. Investment fair values in turn could be affected by various factors, including but not limited to, the financial performance of the portfolio company, economic conditions, foreign exchange rates, comparable transactions in the market, and equity prices for publicly traded securities. Therefore, fair value changes are unpredictable and the effect on incentive fee and carried interest varies across different investment vehicles.
Foreign Currency Risk
As of March 31, 2023, we have limited direct foreign currency exposure from our foreign operations and foreign currency denominated investments warehoused on the balance sheet for future sponsored vehicles. Changes in foreign currency rates can adversely affect earnings and the value of our foreign currency denominated investments, including investments in our foreign subsidiaries.
We have exposure to foreign currency risk from the operations of our foreign subsidiaries to the extent these subsidiaries do not transact in U.S. dollars. Generally, this is limited to our recently acquired InfraBridge advisor subsidiary which receives fee income predominantly in U.S. dollars but incur operating costs in Pound Sterling ("GBP").
Our foreign currency denominated investments, which are temporarily warehoused on the balance sheet, are held by our U.S. subsidiaries. At March 31, 2023    , our foreign currency exposure is limited to only one AUD equity investment (A$35 million).
Operating segment—For the substantial majority of subsidiaries in Canada that operate hyperscale data centers, the U.S. dollar is largely used as the transactional currency, in which case, there is generally very limited foreign currency exposure. Foreign subsidiaries that operate six colocation data centers in the U.K. and France do not transact in U.S. dollars but make up only a small percentage of the overall Operating segment, which in turn is substantially owned by third party investors. Accordingly, our exposure to foreign currency risk from the operations of foreign subsidiaries in the Operating segment is limited as of March 31, 2023.
Interest Rate Risk
Instruments bearing variable interest rates include debt obligations, which are subject to interest rate fluctuations that will affect future cash flows, specifically interest expense.
Corporate debt—Our corporate debt exposure to variable interest rates is limited to our VFN revolver, which had no outstanding amounts as of March 31, 2023.
Investment-level debt—Investment level financing, which totals $4.9 billion, consists primarily of fixed rate securitized notes issued by subsidiaries in the Operating segment, Vantage SDC and DataBank. Of this amount, $0.4 billion or 7% is composed of variable rate debt at March 31, 2023. Investment level variable rate debt is indexed to either 1-month LIBOR or Term SOFR. As subsidiaries in the Operating segment are substantially owned by third party investors, the resulting
66


increase in interest expense from higher interest rates will be attributed predominantly to noncontrolling interests, with a minimal share of that effect attributed to DBRG. Based upon the outstanding principal on investment level variable rate debt at March 31, 2023, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates would increase annualized interest expense by $3.6 million on a consolidated basis or $0.4 million after attribution to noncontrolling interests.
Equity Price Risk
At March 31, 2023, we had $166 million of long positions and $46 million of short positions in marketable equity securities, held predominantly by our consolidated sponsored liquid funds. Realized and unrealized gains and losses from marketable equity securities are recorded in other gain (loss) on the consolidated statement of operations. Market prices for publicly traded equity securities may fluctuate due to a myriad of factors, including but not limited to, financial performance of the investee, industry conditions, economic and political environment, trade volume, and general sentiments in the equity markets. Therefore the level of volatility and price fluctuations are unpredictable. Our funds constantly rebalance their investment portfolio to take advantage of market opportunities and to manage risk. Additionally, one of our funds employs a long/short equity strategy, taking long positions that serve as collateral for short positions, which in combination, reduces its market risk exposure. The effect of equity price decreases to earnings attributable to our shareholders is further reduced as our consolidated liquid funds are substantially owned by third party capital, which represent noncontrolling interests.
Commodity Price Risk
Operating segment—Certain operating costs in the data center portfolio in the Operating segment are subject to price fluctuations caused by volatility of underlying commodity prices, primarily electricity used in our data center operations. The cost of electricity is closely monitored at all locations and power utility contracts may be entered into to purchase electricity at fixed prices in certain locations in the U.S., with such contracts generally representing less than forecasted usage. The building of new data centers and expansion of existing data centers will also subject the Operating segment to commodity price risk with respect to building materials such as steel and copper. Additionally, the lead time to procure data center equipment is substantial and procurement delays could increase construction cost and delay revenue generation.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time period specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, we have evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon our evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at March 31, 2023.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.  Legal Proceedings.
The Company may be involved in litigation and claims in the ordinary course of business. As of March 31, 2023, the Company was not involved in any material legal proceedings.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in response to "Part I—Item 1A. Risk Factors" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
Item 2.     Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
Purchases of Equity Securities by Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
Pursuant to a stock repurchase program authorized by our board of directors and announced in July 2022, the Company may repurchase up to $200 million of its outstanding shares of class A common stock and/or preferred stock through various methods, including open market repurchases, negotiated block transactions, accelerated share repurchases, open market solicitations and Rule 10b5-1 plans. The stock repurchase program expires on June 30, 2023 and may be extended, modified, or discontinued at any time.
The following table presents information related to purchases of the Company's Series H, I and J preferred stock during the quarter ended March 31, 2023:
PeriodTotal Number of Shares PurchasedWeighted Average Price Paid Per ShareTotal Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced
Program
Maximum Approximate
Dollar Value that May
Yet Be Purchased
Under the Program
($ in thousands)
January 1 through January 31, 2023— $— — $92,430 
February 1 through February 28, 2023— — — 92,430 
March 1 through March 31, 20232,738 18.89 2,738 92,378 
Total (1)
2,738 $18.89 2,738 $92,378 
_______
(1)    Represent stock purchases pursuant to the repurchase program described above.
Item 3.     Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information.
None.
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Item 6. Exhibits.
Exhibit NumberDescription
3.1
3.2
31.1*
31.2*
32.1*
32.2*
101.INS**XBRL Instance Document
101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
104**Cover Page Interactive Data File
__________
* Filed herewith.
** The document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.




SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
Dated: May 5, 2023
DigitalBridge Group, Inc.
By: /s/ Marc C. Ganzi
 Marc C. Ganzi
 Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
By: /s/ Jacky Wu
 Jacky Wu
 Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
By: /s/ Sonia Kim
 Sonia Kim
 Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)



Document

Exhibit 31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
I, Marc C. Ganzi, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of DigitalBridge Group, Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: May 5, 2023/s/ Marc C. Ganzi
Marc C. Ganzi
Chief Executive Officer

Document

Exhibit 31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer
Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
I, Jacky Wu, certify that:
1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of DigitalBridge Group, Inc.;
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 5, 2023/s/ Jacky Wu
Jacky Wu
Chief Financial Officer

Document

Exhibit 32.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350,
As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of DigitalBridge Group, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Marc C. Ganzi, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:
(i) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date: May 5, 2023/s/ Marc C. Ganzi
Marc C. Ganzi
Chief Executive Officer
The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C §1350 and shall not be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended or incorporated by reference in any registration statement of the Company filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

Document

Exhibit 32.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350,
As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of DigitalBridge Group, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Jacky Wu, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to my knowledge:
(i) the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and
(ii) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.
Date: May 5, 2023/s/ Jacky Wu
Jacky Wu
Chief Financial Officer
The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C §1350 and shall not be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended or incorporated by reference in any registration statement of the Company filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.